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3D Gaussian splatting (3DGS) has demonstrated impressive 3D reconstruction performance with explicit scene representations. Given the widespread application of 3DGS in 3D reconstruction and generation tasks, there is an urgent need to protect the copyright of 3DGS assets. However, existing copyright protection techniques for 3DGS overlook the usability of 3D assets, posing challenges for practical deployment.
Here we describe splats in splats, the first 3DGS steganography framework that embeds 3D content in 3DGS itself without modifying any attributes. To achieve this, we take a deep insight into spherical harmonics (SH) and devise an importance-graded SH coefficient encryption strategy to embed the hidden SH coefficients. Furthermore, we employ a convolutional autoencoder to establish a mapping between the original Gaussian primitives&#39; opacity and the hidden Gaussian primitives&#39; opacity. Extensive experiments indicate that our method significantly outperforms existing 3D steganography techniques, with 5.31\% higher scene fidelity and 3x faster rendering speed, while ensuring security, robustness, and user experience.

AAAI 2026

Splats in Splats: Robust and Effective 3D Steganography Towards Gaussian Splatting

3d steganography

3d gaussian splatting

copyright protection

3D Gaussian splatting (3DGS) has demonstrated impressive 3D reconstruction performance with explicit scene representations. Given the widespread application of 3DGS in 3D reconstruction and generation tasks, there is an urgent need to protect the copyright of 3DGS assets. However, existing copyright protection techniques for 3DGS overlook the usability of 3D assets, posing challenges for practical deployment.
Here we describe splats in splats, the first 3DGS steganography framework that embeds 3D content in 3DGS itself without modifying any attributes. To achieve this, we take a deep insight into spherical harmonics (SH) and devise an importance-graded SH coefficient encryption strategy to embed the hidden SH coefficients. Furthermore, we employ a convolutional autoencoder to establish a mapping between the original Gaussian primitives' opacity and the hidden Gaussian primitives' opacity. Extensive experiments indicate that our method significantly outperforms existing 3D steganography techniques, with 5.31\% higher scene fidelity and 3x faster rendering speed, while ensuring security, robustness, and user experience.

poster

We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-26 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and a range of other activities to be announced.<br><br>

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We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

Task-oriented dexterous grasping remains challenging in robotic manipulations of open-world objects under severe partial observation, where significant missing data invalidates generic shape completion. In this paper, to overcome this limitation, we study Task-Oriented Shape Completion, a new task that focuses on completing the potential contact regions rather than the entire shape. We argue that shape completion for grasping should be explicitly guided by the downstream manipulation task. To achieve this, we first generate multiple task-oriented shape completion candidates by leveraging the zero-shot capabilities of object functional understanding from several pre-trained foundation models. A 3D discriminative autoencoder is then proposed to evaluate the plausibility of each generated candidate and optimize the most plausible one from a global perspective. A conditional flow-matching model named FlowGrasp is developed to generate task-oriented dexterous grasps from the optimized shape. Our method achieves state-of-the-art performance in task-oriented dexterous grasping and task-oriented shape completion, improving the Grasp Displacement and the Chamfer Distance over the state-of-the-art by 16.17% and 55.26%, respectively. In particular, it shows good capabilities in grasping objects with severe missing data. It also demonstrates good generality in handling open-set categories and tasks.

TOSC: Task-Oriented Shape Completion for Open-World Dexterous Grasp Generation from Partial Point Clouds

Cross-modal Knowledge Distillation has demonstrated promising performance on paired modalities with strong semantic connections, referred to as Symmetric Cross-modal Knowledge Distillation (SCKD). However, implementing SCKD becomes exceedingly constrained in real-world scenarios due to the limited availability of paired modalities. To this end, we investigate a general and effective knowledge learning concept under weak semantic consistency, dubbed Asymmetric Cross-modal Knowledge Distillation (ACKD), aiming to bridge modalities with limited semantic overlap. Nevertheless, the shift from strong to weak semantic consistency improves flexibility but exacerbates challenges in knowledge transmission costs, which we rigorously verified based on optimal transport theory. To mitigate the issue, we further propose a framework, namely SemBridge, integrating a Student-Friendly Matching module and a Semantic-aware Knowledge Alignment module. The former leverages self-supervised learning to acquire semantic-based knowledge and provide personalized instruction for each student sample by dynamically selecting the relevant teacher samples. The latter seeks the optimal transport path by employing Lagrangian optimization. To facilitate the research, we curate a benchmark dataset derived from two modalities, namely Multi-Spectral (MS) and asymmetric RGB images, tailored for remote sensing scene classification. Comprehensive experiments exhibit that our framework achieves state-of-the-art performance compared with 7 existing approaches on 6 different model architectures across various datasets.

Asymmetric Cross-Modal Knowledge Distillation: Bridging Modalities with Weak Semantic Consistency

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) based on pseudo-label and consistency has achieved significant success. The core idea behind these methods is to assign sample weights based on pseudo-label probabilities, thereby guiding the model toward biased learning. However, existing research still faces two major challenges in guiding learning: (1) how to evaluate learning states across different classes in the absence of labels, and (2) how to construct an effective sample weight space that provides precise guidance throughout training. To address these challenges, we propose the Bi-Dimensional Sample Weight Guidance algorithm, BidMatch. BidMatch introduces Class Information Entropy (CIE), which captures the learning relationships between classes and reflects the model’s learning state for each class. Additionally, Pseudo-label Probability Redistribution (PPR) is proposed to maintain distribution invariance and sparsity during training, thereby emphasizing differences in sample importance. By leveraging CIE and PPR, BidMatch generates sample weights that account for both class and instance dimensions, effectively guiding the model toward balanced and efficient learning across classes. BidMatch has demonstrated state-of-the-art performance on various SSL datasets. Notably, it achieved a 6.45% error rate on CIFAR-10 with only one label per class, significantly outperforming baseline methods.

BidMatch: Boosting Semi-Supervised Learning by Bi-Dimensional Sample Weight Guidance

Anomaly detection is a critical task across numerous domains and modalities, yet existing methods are often highly specialized, limiting their generalizability. These specialized models, tailored for specific anomaly types like textural defects or logical errors, typically exhibit limited performance when deployed outside their designated contexts. To overcome this limitation, we propose AnomalyMoE, a novel and universal anomaly detection framework based on a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture. Our key insight is to decompose the complex anomaly detection problem into three distinct semantic hierarchies: local structural anomalies, component-level semantic anomalies, and global logical anomalies. AnomalyMoE correspondingly employs three dedicated expert networks at the patch, component, and global levels, and is specialized in reconstructing features and identifying deviations at its designated semantic level. This hierarchical design allows a single model to concurrently understand and detect a wide spectrum of anomalies. Furthermore, we introduce an Expert Information Repulsion (EIR) module to promote expert diversity and an Expert Selection Balancing (ESB) module to ensure the comprehensive utilization of all experts. Experiments on 8 challenging datasets spanning industrial imaging, 3D point clouds, medical imaging, video surveillance, and logical anomaly detection demonstrate that AnomalyMoE establishes new state-of-the-art performance, significantly outperforming specialized methods in their respective domains.

AnomalyMoE: Towards a Language-free Generalist Model for Unified Visual Anomaly Detection

Recently segment anything model (SAM) has attracted widespread concerns, and it is often treated as a vision foundation model for universal segmentation. Some researchers have attempted to directly apply the foundation model to the RGB-D video salient object detection (RGB-D VSOD) task, which often encounters three challenges, including the dependence on manual prompts, the high memory consumption of sequential adapters, and the computational burden of memory attention. To address the limitations, we propose a novel method, namely Segment Anything Model with Depth-guided Adaptive Queries (SAM-DAQ), which adapts SAM2 to pop-out salient objects from videos by seamlessly integrating depth and temporal cues within a unified framework. Firstly, we deploy a parallel adapter-based multi-modal image encoder (PAMIE), which incorporates several depth-guided parallel adapters (DPAs) in a skip-connection way. Remarkably, we fine-tune the frozen SAM encoder under prompt-free conditions, where the DPA utilizes depth cues to facilitate the fusion of multi-modal features. Secondly, we deploy a query-driven temporal memory (QTM) module, which unifies the memory bank and prompt embeddings into a learnable pipeline. Concretely, by leveraging both frame-level queries and video-level queries simultaneously, the QTM module can not only selectively extract temporal consistency features but also iteratively update the temporal representations of the queries. Extensive experiments are conducted on three RGB-D VSOD datasets, and the results show that the proposed SAM-DAQ consistently outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of all evaluation metrics.

SAM-DAQ: Segment Anything Model with Depth-guided Adaptive Queries for RGB-D Video Salient Object Detection

Action recognition in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) poses unique challenges due to significant view variations along the vertical spatial axis. Unlike traditional ground-based settings, UAVs capture actions at a wide range of altitudes, resulting in considerable appearance discrepancies. We introduce a multi-view formulation tailored to varying UAV altitudes and empirically observe a partial order among views, where recognition accuracy consistently decreases as altitude increases. This observation motivates a novel approach that explicitly models the hierarchical structure of UAV views to improve recognition performance across altitudes. To this end, we propose the Partial Order Guided Multi-View Network (POG-MVNet), designed to address drastic view variations by effectively leveraging view-dependent information across different altitude levels. The framework comprises three key components: a View Partition (VP) module, which uses the head-to-body ratio to group views by altitude; an Order-aware Feature Decoupling (OFD) module, which disentangles action-relevant and view-specific features under partial order guidance; and an Action Partial Order Guide (APOG), which uses the partial order to transfer informative knowledge from easier views to more challenging ones. We conduct experiments on Drone-Action, MOD20, and UAV, demonstrating that POG-MVNet significantly outperforms competing methods. For example, POG-MVNet achieves a 4.7% improvement on Drone-Action and a 3.5% improvement on UAV compared to state-of-the-art methods ASAT and FAR. Code will be released soon.

Beyond the Horizon: Decoupling Multi-View UAV Action Recognition via Partial Order Transfer

Open-vocabulary object detection (OVOD) holds promise for remote sensing, yet the natural-to-aerial image domain gap hinders generalization. Dominant backgrounds, sparse labels with limited semantics, and semi-supervised training difficulties pose significant challenges. We introduce SOAR (\textbf{S}emi-supervised \textbf{O}pen-vocabulary \textbf{A}erial Object \textbf{R}ecognition via Dual-aware Enhanced Prior Denoising), which generates pseudo-labels for semi-supervised training by learning implicit foreground priors and performing efficient denoising. Specifically, we dynamically extract background features and implicitly model foreground priors, treating them as noisy ground truth. These are then denoised through a refiner to obtain pseudo-labels. Besides, we further introduce a dual-aware query enhancement (DAQE) module that integrates language and foreground prior information to enhance the effectiveness of query selection and feature augmentation. Additionally, we address the sparsity of label information through expansion and aggregation techniques, further improving model performance. Finally, experimental evaluations reveal that, in the open-vocabulary object detection task on the DIOR dataset, our method achieves a mean Average Precision (mAP) of 68.5\% and Harmonic Mean (HM) of 55.9\%, outperforming the previous state-of-the-art model’s mAP of 61.6\% and HM of 53.6\%. Our approach offers a new solution to the open-vocabulary challenge in aerial object detection. The source code will be available.

SOAR: Semi-Supervised Open-Vocabulary Aerial Object Detection via Dual-Aware Enhanced Prior Denoising

Zero-Shot Composed Image Retrieval (ZS-CIR) involves diverse tasks with a broad range of visual content manipulation intent across domains, scenes, objects, and attributes. A key challenge in ZS-CIR is training models on datasets with limited intention-relevant data to accurately interpret human intent, as implicitly expressed through textual modifications, to retrieve the desired images. In this paper, we introduce an intention-based image-text dataset generated through reasoning by a Multimodal Large Language Model (MLLM) to enhance ZS-CIR model training for interpreting human manipulation intents. Leveraging this dataset, we propose De-MINDS, a novel framework that distills the MLLM’s reasoning capabilities to capture human intentions, thereby improving ZS-CIR models’ comprehension of manipulation text. Specifically, a simple mapping network translates image information into language space, forming a query with the manipulation text. De-MINDS then extracts intention-relevant information from the query, converting it into pseudo-word tokens for accurate ZS-CIR. De-MINDS demonstrates robust generalization and significant performance improvements across four ZS-CIR tasks, outperforming existing methods by 2.15% to 4.05% and establishing new state-of-the-art results with comparable inference times. Our code is available at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/De-MINDS/.

Manipulation Intention Understanding for Zero-Shot Composed Image Retrieval

With the booming development of multimodal data (e.g., image, text) on internet platforms, multimodal sequential recommendation methods continue to emerge. Most existing methods incorporate item modal features as auxiliary information, typically concatenating them to learn unified user representations. However, these methods directly use modal features for representation learning, neglecting the impact of inherent modality noise. We argue that internal-modality noise and cross-modality noise hinder the acquisition of more accurate user representations.
To address this problem, we propose SGP4SR - Seperated-modality Guided user Perference learning for multimodal Sequential Reconmmendation. Globally, the user preference modeling is carried out from a separated-modality perspective to alleviate cross-modality noise. Locally, for each individual modality, we use item relationship graphs and user interest centers, aggregated with ID embeddings, to replace direct modal features, thereby mitigating internal-modality noise. Finally, user representations from both separated-modality and multimodal perspectives participate in prediction independently.
In experiments conducted on four real-world datasets, our method outperforms state-of-the-art approaches, achieving an average performance improvement of up to 8.84\% over the best baseline. The comprehensive experiments further validate the superior noise tolerance and robustness of our method. The source code will be available in the supplementary materials.

SGP4SR: Seperated-Modality Guided User Perference Learning for Multimodal Sequential Reconmmendation

Head avatar generation is facilitated to construct high-fidelity 3D virtual personas from a single portrait, but it also raises the risk of unauthorized personal avatars generation. Recent 2D portrait protection methods actively prevent malicious image generation by perturbing the identity features. However, there are two key limitations when directly applied to prevent 3D head avatar generation: 1) These methods neglect the inherent 3D geometric structure of portrait, thus failing to disrupt the modeling of 3D shapes or poses. 2) They focus only on identity offset and are unable to interfere with the overall appearance, resulting in excessive preservation of facial characteristics. To overcomes these limitations, we propose a 3D defense framework termed Anti-Avatar, tailored to protect against unauthorized 3D head avatar generation from a single portrait. Specifically, Anti-Avatar consists of two key designs: Geometric Disruption and Perceptual Confusion.
The former disrupts the precise reconstruction of 3D structure by interfering with the estimation of geometric parameters, thus affecting the structural accuracy of the 3D avatar.
Collaboratively, the latter confuses image features by dispersing attention distribution, thereby hindering the effective perception of portrait appearance.
Benefiting from the above dual-space divergence in geometry and perception, the avatars generated by our protected portraits exhibit substantial discrepancies from the originals.
Extensive experiments show that our Anti-Avatar outperforms 2D methods in protection performance and effectively resists reconstruction and manipulation by state-of-the-art 3D head avatar generation methods.

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TOSC: Task-Oriented Shape Completion for Open-World Dexterous Grasp Generation from Partial Point Clouds

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