Singapore

Personalized insulin therapy for individuals with Type 1 Diabetes via closed‑loop artificial pancreas systems requires rapid adaptation of dosing strategies to each patient&#39;s unique insulin response. However, learning patient‑specific policies from scratch demands extensive exploration, which is often impractical. In this work, we study a framework that integrates insulin-response-informed transfer learning with model-based reinforcement learning for insulin dosing. We first train an LSTM‑based insulin responsiveness predictor on virtual patients, using their glucose, insulin, and meal history to forecast future glucose levels. Analysis of insulin responsiveness of in-silico patients uncovers natural insulin‑response groups characterized by similar sensitivity and dynamics profiles. For a new patient, we identify a representative model from their response group and use it to generate synthetic trajectories. These trajectories are integrated into an enhanced H-step Deep Dyna-Q algorithm, enabling accelerated policy optimization through model-based planning. The dynamics model trained entirely in simulation achieves 91.31\% accuracy in predicting blood glucose ranges on the Ohio Type 1 Diabetes dataset, indicating strong zero-shot generalization. Additionally, we find that bootstrapping a new patient with a physiologically-matched reference model accelerates convergence of effective dosing policies across in-silico cohorts of children, adolescents, and adults. These findings suggest that leveraging response-group-specific synthetic experience can expedite personalized insulin therapy, offering a promising pathway towards clinical validation.

AAAI 2026

Bootstrapping Personalized Insulin Therapy via Model-Based Reinforcement Learning: An In Silico Study

model-based reinforcement learning

personalized medicine

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Personalized insulin therapy for individuals with Type 1 Diabetes via closed‑loop artificial pancreas systems requires rapid adaptation of dosing strategies to each patient's unique insulin response. However, learning patient‑specific policies from scratch demands extensive exploration, which is often impractical. In this work, we study a framework that integrates insulin-response-informed transfer learning with model-based reinforcement learning for insulin dosing. We first train an LSTM‑based insulin responsiveness predictor on virtual patients, using their glucose, insulin, and meal history to forecast future glucose levels. Analysis of insulin responsiveness of in-silico patients uncovers natural insulin‑response groups characterized by similar sensitivity and dynamics profiles. For a new patient, we identify a representative model from their response group and use it to generate synthetic trajectories. These trajectories are integrated into an enhanced H-step Deep Dyna-Q algorithm, enabling accelerated policy optimization through model-based planning. The dynamics model trained entirely in simulation achieves 91.31\% accuracy in predicting blood glucose ranges on the Ohio Type 1 Diabetes dataset, indicating strong zero-shot generalization. Additionally, we find that bootstrapping a new patient with a physiologically-matched reference model accelerates convergence of effective dosing policies across in-silico cohorts of children, adolescents, and adults. These findings suggest that leveraging response-group-specific synthetic experience can expedite personalized insulin therapy, offering a promising pathway towards clinical validation.

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Existing approaches to complaint analysis largely rely on unimodal, short-form content such as tweets or product reviews. This work advances the field by leveraging multimodal, multi-turn customer support dialogues—where users often share both textual complaints and visual evidence (e.g., screenshots, product photos)—to enable fine-grained classification of complaint aspects and severity. We introduce $\textit{VALOR}$, a Validation-Aware Learner with Expert Routing, tailored for this multimodal setting. It employs a multi-expert reasoning setup using large-scale generative models with Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting for nuanced decision-making. To ensure coherence between modalities, a semantic alignment score is computed and integrated into the final classification through a meta-fusion strategy. In alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs), the proposed framework supports SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure) by advancing AI-driven tools for robust, scalable, and context-aware service infrastructure. Further, by enabling structured analysis of complaint narratives and visual context, it contributes to SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) by promoting more responsive product design and improved accountability in consumer services. We evaluate $\textit{VALOR}$ on a curated multimodal complaint dataset annotated with fine-grained aspect and severity labels, showing that it consistently outperforms baseline models, especially in complex complaint scenarios where information is distributed across text and images. This study underscores the value of multimodal interaction and expert validation in practical complaint understanding systems. Resources related to data and codes are available here: https://anonymous.4open.science/r/672.

Talk, Snap, Complain: Validation-Aware Multimodal Expert Framework for Fine-Grained Customer Grievances

Although Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly implicated in interpersonal and societal decision-making, their ability to navigate explicit conflicts between legitimately different cultural value systems remains largely unexamined. Existing benchmarks predominantly target cultural knowledge (CulturalBench), value prediction (WorldValuesBench), or single-axis bias diagnostics (CDEval); none, however, evaluate how LLMs adjudicate when multiple culturally grounded values directly clash. We address this gap with CCD-Bench, a benchmark that assesses LLM decision-making under overt cross-cultural value conflict. CCD-Bench comprises 2,182 open-ended dilemmas spanning seven domains, each paired with exactly ten anonymized response options corresponding to the ten GLOBE cultural clusters, which represent the organizational behavior of 62 societies. These dilemmas are presented using a Stratified Latin Square to mitigate ordering effects. We evaluate 17 leading non-reasoning LLMs. LLMs disproportionately prefer Nordic Europe (mean 20.2\%) and Germanic Europe (12.4\%), while the options for Eastern Europe and the Middle East \& North Africa are underrepresented (5.6–5.8\%). Although 87.9\% of rationales reference two or more GLOBE dimensions, this apparent pluralism is largely superficial: LLMs repeatedly recombine a narrow subset of Future Orientation and Performance Orientation, and rarely ground choices in Assertiveness or Gender Egalitarianism (both $<$3\%). Ordering effects are negligible (Cramér’s $V < 0.10$), and symmetrized KL divergence indicates LLMs clustering by developer lineage rather than geography. Taken together, these patterns suggest that contemporary alignment pipelines encourage a consensus-oriented, progress-centric worldview that underserves scenarios demanding explicit power negotiation, rights-based reasoning, or gender-aware analysis. CCD-Bench thus shifts evaluation from isolated bias detection to pluralistic decision making, revealing that current LLMs maintain Western-centric, consensus-oriented preferences even when confronted with ten equally valid, culturally diverse alternatives, and underscoring the need for alignment strategies that substantively engage with diverse worldviews.

CCD-Bench: Probing Cultural Conflict in Large Language Model Decision-Making

Classifiers trained on historical data are deployed in the real-world to automate decisions from hiring to loan issuance. Judging the fairness and efficiency of these systems, and their human counterparts, is a complex and important topic studied across both computational and social sciences. One common way to address bias in classifiers is to resample the training data to offset distributional disparities. In the hiring domain, where results may vary by a protected class, many interventions from the literature equalize the hiring rate within the training set to alleviate bias in the resulting classifier. While simple and seemingly effective, these methods have typically only been evaluated using data obtained through convenience samples, e.g., results of some real world hiring process, introducing selection and label bias into the evaluation. In the social and health sciences, audit studies, in which fictitious ``testers'' (resumes) are sent to subjects (job openings) in a randomized control trial, provide high quality data that support rigorous estimates of discrimination by controlling for confounding factors. In this paper, we investigate how data from audit studies can be used to improve our ability to both train and evaluate automated hiring algorithms. We find that audit data of real-world hiring reveals cases where equalizing base rates across classes \emph{appears} to achieve parity using traditional measures, but in fact has $\approx$ 10\% disparity when measured appropriately. We also show that corrections based on individual treatment effect estimation methods combined with audit study data can overcome these issues, underscoring the need for rigorous data collection in fairness research.

The Illusion of Fairness: Auditing Fairness Interventions in Algorithmic Hiring with Audit Studies

We introduce PandemIQ Llama, a domain-adapted large language model (LLM) designed specifically for pandemic intelligence applications. Building on the pre-trained Llama-3.1-8B model, we conducted continuous training using our curated Pandemic Corpus. This dataset was assembled from authoritative public health sources, scientific literature, and specialized knowledge repositories, comprising 508,924 documents totaling 5.8 billion tokens, which is the largest pandemic domain specific data cohort for LLM training. 
Benefited from our curated large data cohorts and through continuous training leveraging extensive computational resources, the developed PandemIQ Llama model can extract critical domain knowledge on pandemic, which is typically underrepresented in general-purpose language models, To evaluate its performance, we conducted comprehensive comparison of PandemIQ Llama with both prompt-engineered and task-specific fine-tuned baseline models using two tasks: the Biomedical Alert News Question Answering task (1,508 reports with 30 expert-generated questions each) and the Disease Event Type Classification benchmark (4,500 news snippets across eight disease categories). PandemIQ Llama demonstrated substantial improvements over strong baseline models, achieving performance gains ranging from 3.8% to 10.97%. These results suggest that PandemIQ Llama could significantly enhance public health surveillance and analysis capabilities. In addition, our result also suggests that the LLMs can perform better with continuous training than fine-tuning on domain specific tasks. Social Impact: This model will be integrated with Epidemic Intelligence from Open Sources (EIOS) run by World Health Organization (WHO). This integration will empower a large community of decision makers and stakeholders in all WHO member countries with the first LLM-based AI tool for pandemic surveillance.

PandemIQ Llama: A Domain-Adapted Foundation Model for Enhanced Pandemic Intelligence

Investigating the effects of climate change and global warming caused by GHG emissions have been a central focus worldwide. These emissions are largely contributed to by the production, use and disposal of consumer products. Thus, it is important to build tools to estimate the environmental impact of consumer goods, an essential part of which is conducting Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs). LCAs specify and account for the appropriate processes involved with the production, use, and disposal of the products. We present SpiderGen, an LLM-based workflow which integrates the taxonomy and methodology of traditional LCA with the reasoning capabilities and world knowledge of LLMs to generate this procedural information used for LCA. We additionally apply evaluation methods for this use-case, and evaluate the output of SpiderGen with real-world LCA documents. We find that SpiderGen provides accurate LCA process information that is either fully correct or has minor errors on average 60\% of the time. We observe that the remaining missed processes and hallucinated errors occur primarily due to differences in detail between LCA documents, as well as differences in the understanding of ``scope" of which auxiliary processes must also be included. We also demonstrate that SpiderGen performs better than several baselines techniques, such as chain-of-thought prompting and one-shot prompting. Finally, we highlight that SpiderGen has the potential to drastically reduce the human effort and costs for estimating carbon impact, as it is able to produce LCA process information for less than \$1 USD in under 10 minutes as compared to the status quo LCA, which costs over \$25000 USD and take up to 21-person days.

SpiderGen: Towards Procedure Generation for Carbon Life Cycle Assessments with Generative AI

Equitable formative feedback remains out of reach for large or low-resource courses because instructors cannot read every learner reflection. We present a theory-grounded pipeline of five role-based LLM agents—Evaluator, Equity Monitor, Metacognitive Coach, Aggregator, and Reflexion Reviewer—that jointly produce calibrated rubric scores and $\le 120$-word, bias-aware comments.
On $84$ reflections from a $12$-session AI-literacy program, the pipeline matches expert raters ($\mathrm{MAE}=0.47$, $\mathrm{QWK}=0.46$, human-AI $\mathrm{ICC}=0.41$) while bounding the worst-ability error gap to $\Delta{\mathrm{MAE}}=0.50$.
Automated scoring finishes in $7.7\text{s}$ per reflection—an $11\times$ speed-up over the human mean of $1.4\text{min}$—and complete feedback in $33\text{s}$.
A full agentic run costs just $0.0016$ per reflection.
Three trained graders rated the AI feedback highly useful (overall $Q(g)=3.97/5$) with top marks for empathy ($4.22/5$).
Contributions. (i) A self-consistent scoring scheme with equity safeguards; (ii) a role-based agent ensemble for dialogic, bias-aware feedback; and (iii) the first open dataset, prompts, and codebase for equitable reflection assessment. Together, these advances demonstrate a practical path toward large-scale, fair feedback in real classrooms.

Scaling Equitable Reflection Assessment in Education via Large Language Models and Role-Based Feedback Agents

Social media memes are a challenging domain for hate detection because they intertwine visual and textual cues into culturally nuanced messages. To tackle these challenges, we introduce TRACE, a hierarchical multimodal framework that leverages visually grounded context augmentation, along with a novel caption-scoring network to emphasize hate-relevant content, and parameter-efficient fine-tuning of CLIP’s text encoder. Our experiments demonstrate that selectively fine-tuning deeper text encoder layers significantly enhances performance compared to simpler projection-layer fine-tuning methods. Specifically, our framework achieves state-of-the-art accuracy (0.807) and F1-score (0.806) on the widely-used Hateful Memes dataset, matching the performance of considerably larger models while maintaining efficiency. Moreover, it achieves superior generalization on the MultiOFF offensive meme dataset (F1-score 0.673), highlighting robustness across meme categories. Additional analyses confirm that robust visual grounding and nuanced text representations significantly reduce errors caused by benign confounders. We will publicly release our code and models to facilitate future research.

TRACE: Textual Relevance Augmentation and Contextual Encoding for Multimodal Hate Detection

This paper presents the largest known benchmark dataset for road damage assessment and road alignment, and provides 18 baseline models trained on the CRASAR-U-DRIODs dataset’s post-disaster small uncrewed aerial systems (sUAS) imagery from 10 federally declared disasters, addressing three challenges within prior post-disaster road damage assessment datasets. While prior disaster road damage assessment datasets exist, there is no current state of practice, as prior public datasets have either been small-scale or reliant on low-resolution imagery insufficient for detecting phenomena of interest to emergency managers. Further, while machine learning (ML) systems have been developed for this task previously, none are known to have been operationally validated. These limitations are overcome in this work through the labeling of 657.25km of roads according to a 10-class labeling schema, followed by training and deploying ML models during the operational response to Hurricanes Debby and Helene in 2024. Motivated by observed road line misalignment in practice, 9,184 road line adjustments were provided for spatial alignment of a priori road lines, as it was found that when the 18 baseline models are deployed against real-world misaligned road lines, model performance degraded on average by 5.596% Macro IoU. If spatial alignment is not considered, approximately 8% (11km) of adverse conditions on road lines will be labeled incorrectly, with approximately 9% (59km) of road lines misaligned off the actual road. These dynamics are gaps that should be addressed by the ML, CV, and robotics
communities to enable more effective and informed decision-making during disasters.

A Benchmark Dataset for Spatially Aligned Road Damage Assessment in Small Uncrewed Aerial Systems Disaster Imagery

Integrating Large Language Models (LLMs) into judicial decision-making demands rigorous safety examination against non-legal influences. This paper presents a novel stress test where we evaluate LLM-generated labor dispute outcomes by introducing social media sentiment as an external pressure, critically comparing them against 10,000 real-world court judgments from China Judgments Online (CJOL). Our findings reveal significant LLM safety vulnerabilities: models exhibit inherent deviations from real rulings, and public opinion substantially amplifies these discrepancies, leading to unstable and often inflated compensation predictions. Furthermore, these safety risks are compounded across low-skilled occupational categories and emotionally charged topics. This study uncovers critical threats to judicial integrity and public trust, underscoring the urgent need for robust safeguards against non-legal influences in AI legal systems.

LLM Safety in Judicial AI: A Stress Test of Social Media Influence on Real-World Judgments

Sustainability is becoming increasingly critical in the maritime transport, encompassing both environmental and social impacts, such as Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and navigational safety. Traditional vessel navigation heavily relies on human experience, often lacking autonomy and emission awareness, and is prone to human errors that may compromise safety. In this paper, we propose a Curriculum Reinforcement Learning (CRL) framework integrated with a realistic, data-driven marine simulation environment and a machine learning-based fuel consumption prediction module. The simulation environment is constructed using real-world vessel movement data and enhanced with a Diffusion Model to simulate dynamic maritime conditions. Vessel fuel consumption is estimated using historical operational data and learning-based regression. The surrounding environment is represented as image-based inputs to capture spatial complexity. We design a lightweight, policy-based CRL agent with a comprehensive reward mechanism that considers safety, emissions, timeliness, and goal completion. This framework effectively handles complex tasks progressively while ensuring stable and efficient learning in continuous action spaces. We validate the proposed approach in a sea area of the Indian Ocean, demonstrating its efficacy in enabling sustainable and safe vessel navigation.

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