China

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) as chat assistants capable of generating human-like conversations has amplified the need for robust evaluation methods, particularly for open-ended tasks. Conventional metrics such as EM and F1, while useful, are inadequate for capturing the full semantics and contextual depth of such generative outputs. We propose a reference-guided verdict method that automates the evaluation process by leveraging multiple LLMs as judges. Through experiments on free-form question-answering tasks, we demonstrate that combining multiple models improves the reliability and accuracy of evaluations, especially in tasks where a single model may struggle. The results indicate a strong correlation with human evaluations, establishing the proposed method as a reliable alternative to traditional metrics.

EMNLP 2025

Reference-Guided Verdict: LLMs-as-Judges in Automatic Evaluation of Free-Form QA

llm judges

llm evaluation

human evaluation

automatic evaluation

## Welcome to EMNLP 2024! 
We are excited to welcome you to one of the most prominent conferences in the field of Natural Language Processing. This year, EMNLP 2024 is being held in a hybrid format,
offering both virtual and in-person participation in beautiful Miami. Due to a record-breaking number of submissions, we've expanded the total number of accepted papers to accommodate more cutting-edge research from around the globe.
### [Conference Handbook](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1WPROgxjLAC96AJL7Ugy0tEnYm7dkrbHt/view?usp=sharing)

You are required to register for this event. **Please register [here](https://2024.emnlp.org/registration/).** The EMNLP 2024 event page on Underline will be open to public one week prior to the event.

Please register!

EMNLP 2024

EMNLP 2024 will take place in Miami, Florida from Nov 12th to Nov 16th, 2024, at the Hyatt Regency Miami Hote and on Underline for remote participants.

workshop paper

## Welcome!
"I am excited to welcome you to this year’s edition of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing! Importantly, it marks the 30th edition of EMNLP. With over 8,000 submissions, more than 3,000 accepted papers, and thousands of attendees, we have come a long way from that first
workshop, which had 14 accepted papers. As the field looks ahead, Suzhou is the fitting location for celebrating this milestone: rooted in a long literary tradition, yet modern and forward-looking, and home to a large share of the NLP community." 

*Message from the General Chair, Dirk Hovy*

Celebrate 30 Years of EMNLP! 
EMNLP 2025 will be held in Suzhou, China from November 5th to November 9th, 2025.

Natural language explanations (NLEs) are widely used to communicate model reasoning to humans, but they may also serve as effective control signals for improving model performance. In this paper, we present the first comprehensive evaluation of NLEs as prompts in in-context learning (ICL), comparing human-annotated, self-generated, and LLM-generated NLEs across five reasoning benchmarks and three instruction-tuned models (Llama 3 8B, Llama 3 70B, GPT-4o-mini). Our preliminary results show that LLM-generated explanations, especially those from GPT-4o-mini, yield the highest gains across tasks. We further plan to measure how the faithfulness of self-explanations strongly correlates to its utility, and if models retain partial robustness even when rationales are randomly mismatched or adversarially swapped.

A Comparative Study on the Utility of Natural Language explanations for Enhancing Language Models Reasoning Performance

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into our daily lives and personalized. However, LLM personalization might also increase unintended side effects. Recent work suggests that persona prompting can lead models to falsely refuse user requests. However, no work has fully quantified the extent of this issue. To address this gap, we measure the impact of 15 sociodemographic personas (based on gender, race, religion, and disability) on false refusal. To control for other factors, we also test 16 different models, 3 tasks (Natural Language Inference, politeness, and offensiveness classification), and nine prompt paraphrases. We propose a Monte Carlo-based method to quantify this issue in a sample-efficient manner. Our results show that as models become more capable, personas impact the refusal rate less. However, we find that the choice of model significantly influence false refusals, especially in sensitive content tasks. The impact of certain sociodemographic personas further increases the false refusal effect in some models, which suggests that there are underlying biases in the alignment strategies or safety mechanisms.

No for Some, Yes for Others: Persona Prompts and Other Sources of False Refusal in Language Models

In this paper, the results are presented within the context of the BAREC 2025 Shared Task (Elmadani et al., 2025a; Habash et al., 2025; Elmadani et al., 2025b) for Arabic text readability prediction. Participation in both the strict and open tracks achieved QWK scores of 82.5% and 83%, respectively. The proposed approach employs a 19-level fine-grained classification framework at the sentence level, leveraging the BAREC dataset (Elmadani et al., 2025a; Habash et al., 2025; Elmadani et al., 2025b) and transformer based AraBERT models. To address class imbalance, underrepresented levels were augmented with additional samples. By incorporating rich linguistic and structural features, including morphology, syntax, and vocabulary, the system surpasses less fine-grained methods in precision and reliability. 


Beyond Resources: Building an Arabic NLP Ecosystem Rooted in Representation, Collaboration, and Responsibility

We are presenting in ArabicNLP shared task : We present ADAPT–MTUHAI’s submission to PalmX 2025, targeting Arabic cultural question answering through large language model (LLM)adaptation. We apply full fine-tuning
on NileChat-3B for general cultural comprehension, and parameter-efficient LoRA-based tuning on ALLaM-7B for Islamic knowledge reasoning. Our models achieved first place in the General Culture subtask and third place in the Islamic Cultures subtask.

From Benchmarks to the Real-World Impact: Arabic LLMs in Production

Under-represented languages suffer from a lack of data, and as a result, there are few LLMs that support them. Extending an existing LLM to a new language is a practical option for startups, university labs, and organizations with limited budgets. This process involves several steps. In this paper, we describe how we adapted the Falcon3-7B model to Arabic, covering everything from data collection and training to evaluation. Falcon-Arabic was trained exclusively on native data to better capture the cultural and linguistic aspects of the language. Our evaluations show that Falcon-Arabic achieves state-of-the-art results on a range of Arabic benchmarks.

Adapting Falcon3-7B Language Model for Arabic: Methods, Challenges, and Outcomes

ArabJobs is a publicly available corpus of Arabic job advertisements collected from Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. Comprising over 8,500 postings and more than 550,000 words, the dataset captures linguistic, regional, and socio-economic variation in the Arab labour market. We present analyses of gender representation and occupational structure, and highlight dialectal variation across ads, which offers opportunities for future research. We also demonstrate applications such as salary estimation and job category normalisation using large language models, alongside benchmark tasks for gender bias detection and profession classification. The findings show the utility of ArabJobs for fairness-aware Arabic NLP and labour market research.
The dataset is publicly available on GitHub: https://github.com/drelhaj/ArabJobs.

ArabJobs: A Multinational Corpus of Arabic Job Ads

The morphological structure of Semitic languages, such as Arabic, is based on non-concatenative roots and templates. This complex word structure used by humans is obscured to neural models that employ traditional tokenization algorithms. In this work, we present and evaluate Semitic Root Encoding (SRE), a tokenization method that represents both concatenative and non-concatenative structures in Semitic words with sequences of root, template stem, and BPE tokens. We apply the method to neural machine translation (NMT) and find that SRE tokenization yields an average increase of 1.15 BLEU over the baseline. We additionally compare the performance of SRE to tokenization based on non-linguistic root and template structures and tokenization based on stems, providing evidence that NMT models are capable of leveraging tokens based on non-concatenative Semitic morphology.

Semitic Root Encoding: Tokenization Based on the Templatic Morphology of Semitic Languages in NMT

Arabic is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, yet efforts to develop and evaluate Large Language Models (LLMs) for Arabic remain relatively limited. Most existing Arabic benchmarks focus on linguistic, cultural, or religious content, leaving a significant gap in domains like STEM and code which are increasingly relevant for real-world LLM applications. To help bridge this gap, we present 3LM, a suite of three benchmarks designed specifically for Arabic. The first is a set of STEM-related question-answer pairs, naturally sourced from Arabic textbooks and educational worksheets. The second consists of synthetically generated STEM questions, created using the same sources. The third benchmark focuses on code generation, built through a careful translation of two widely used code benchmarks, incorporating a human-in-the-loop process with several rounds of review to ensure high-quality and faithful translations. We release all three benchmarks publicly to support the growth of Arabic LLM research in these essential but underrepresented areas.

3LM: Bridging Arabic, STEM, and Code through Benchmarking

Cross-lingual retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a critical capability for retrieving and generating answers across languages. Prior work in this context has mostly focused on generation and relied on benchmarks derived from open-domain sources, most notably Wikipedia. In such settings, retrieval challenges often remain hidden due to language imbalances, overlap with pretraining data, and memorized content. To address this gap, we study Arabic-English RAG in a domain-specific setting using benchmarks derived from real-world corporate datasets. 
Our benchmarks include all combinations of languages for the user query and the supporting document, drawn independently and uniformly at random. This enables a systematic study of multilingual retrieval behavior.


Our findings reveal that retrieval is a critical bottleneck in cross-lingual domain-specific scenarios, with substantial performance drops 
occurring when the user query and supporting document languages differ. A key insight is that these failures stem primarily from the retriever’s difficulty in ranking documents across languages. Finally, we propose two simple retrieval strategies that address this source of failure by enforcing equal retrieval from both languages or by translating the query, resulting in substantial improvements in cross-lingual and overall performance. 
These results highlight meaningful opportunities for improving multilingual retrieval, particularly in practical, real-world RAG applications. 


The Cross-Lingual Cost: Retrieval Biases in RAG over Arabic-English Corpora

We present an end-to-end, self-evolving adversarial workflow for long-context Question-Answer (QA) Generation in Arabic. By orchestrating multiple specialized LVLMs: a question generator, an evaluator, and a swarm of answer generators, our system iteratively refines its own performance without any human intervention. Starting from raw, multi-page Arabic documents across diverse domains, the question generator produces fine-grained, context-aware queries to be tackled by the answer generator swarm, and the evaluator assesses and feeds back quality metrics. This closed-loop cycle enables continuous learning: low-confidence outputs trigger automated re-generation and model updates, progressively enhancing question difficulty and relevance. Moreover, we set the quality metrics as a tunable hyperparameter, enabling question generation at controllable and customizable difficulty levels. We release AraLongBench, a large-scale Arabic benchmark of single- and multi-page challenges spanning hundreds of pages, and demonstrate that our self-evolving workflow substantially outperform static pipelines, markedly boosting the long-context comprehension capabilities of leading Arabic Large Vision Language Models (LVLMs). Lastly, we also meticulously architect a fully automated agentic workflow for long-context Arabic document collection.

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A Comparative Study on the Utility of Natural Language explanations for Enhancing Language Models Reasoning Performance

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Next from EMNLP 2025

A Comparative Study on the Utility of Natural Language explanations for Enhancing Language Models Reasoning Performance

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Humans or LLMs as the Judge? A Study on Judgement Bias

Stay up to date with the latest Underline news!

PRESENTATIONS

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COMPANY

RESOURCES

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