EMNLP 2025

November 06, 2025

Suzhou, China

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Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently emerged as promising tools for knowledge tracing due to their strong reasoning and generalization abilities. While recent LLM-based KT methods have introduced new prompt formats, they struggle to reflect the histories of example learners within a single prompt during in-context learning (ICL), leading to limited scalability and high computational cost under token constraints. In this work, we present \textit{LLM-based Option weighted Knowledge Tracing (LOKT)}, a simple yet effective LLM-based knowledge tracing framework that encodes the interaction histories of example learners in context as \textit{textual categorical option weights (TCOW)}. These are semantic labels (e.g., “inadequate”) assigned to the options selected by learners when answering questions helping understand LLM. Experiments on multiple-choice datasets show that LOKT outperforms existing LLM-based KT models in both warm-start and few-shot settings. Moreover, LOKT enables scalable and cost-efficient inference, performing strongly even under strict token constraints. Our code is available at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/LOKT_model-3233

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