China

Code-switching (CS), the alternation between two or more languages within a single speaker&#39;s utterances, is common in real-world conversations and poses significant challenges for multilingual speech technology. However, systems capable of handling this phenomenon remain underexplored, primarily due to the scarcity of suitable datasets. To resolve this issue, we propose Universal Code-Mixer (UniCoM), a novel pipeline for generating high-quality, natural CS samples without altering sentence semantics. Our approach utilizes an algorithm we call Substituting WORDs with Synonyms (SWORDS), which generates CS speech by replacing selected words with their translations while considering their parts of speech. Using UniCoM, we construct Code-Switching FLEURS (CS-FLEURS), a multilingual CS corpus designed for automatic speech recognition (ASR) and speech-to-text translation (S2TT). Experimental results show that CS-FLEURS achieves high intelligibility and naturalness, performing comparably to existing datasets on both objective and subjective metrics. We expect our approach to advance CS speech technology and enable more inclusive multilingual systems.

EMNLP 2025

UniCoM: A Universal Code-Switching Speech Generator

Code-switching (CS), the alternation between two or more languages within a single speaker's utterances, is common in real-world conversations and poses significant challenges for multilingual speech technology. However, systems capable of handling this phenomenon remain underexplored, primarily due to the scarcity of suitable datasets. To resolve this issue, we propose Universal Code-Mixer (UniCoM), a novel pipeline for generating high-quality, natural CS samples without altering sentence semantics. Our approach utilizes an algorithm we call Substituting WORDs with Synonyms (SWORDS), which generates CS speech by replacing selected words with their translations while considering their parts of speech. Using UniCoM, we construct Code-Switching FLEURS (CS-FLEURS), a multilingual CS corpus designed for automatic speech recognition (ASR) and speech-to-text translation (S2TT). Experimental results show that CS-FLEURS achieves high intelligibility and naturalness, performing comparably to existing datasets on both objective and subjective metrics. We expect our approach to advance CS speech technology and enable more inclusive multilingual systems.

poster

## Welcome!
"I am excited to welcome you to this year’s edition of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing! Importantly, it marks the 30th edition of EMNLP. With over 8,000 submissions, more than 3,000 accepted papers, and thousands of attendees, we have come a long way from that first
workshop, which had 14 accepted papers. As the field looks ahead, Suzhou is the fitting location for celebrating this milestone: rooted in a long literary tradition, yet modern and forward-looking, and home to a large share of the NLP community."<br>

*Message from the General Chair, Dirk Hovy*

[**Link to Conference Handbook**](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1johU5QqVVYO4RfH7QcIORr7qrVBdzdwC/view?usp=sharing)





<br>

Celebrate 30 Years of EMNLP! 
EMNLP 2025 will be held in Suzhou, China from November 5th to November 9th, 2025.

We study continual information extraction (IE), which aims to extract emerging information across diverse IE tasks incessantly while avoiding forgetting. Existing approaches are either task-specialized for a single IE task or suffer from catastrophic forgetting and insufficient knowledge transfer in continual IE. This paper proposes a new continual IE model using token-level mixture of LoRA experts with LLMs. We leverage a LoRA router to route each token to the most relevant LoRA experts, facilitating effective knowledge transfer among IE tasks. We guide task experts' selection by task keys to retain the IE task-specific knowledge and mitigate catastrophic forgetting. We design a gate reflection method based on knowledge distillation to address forgetting in the LoRA router and task keys. The experimental results show that our model achieves state-of-the-art performance, effectively mitigating catastrophic forgetting and enhancing knowledge transfer in continual IE.

Mixture of LoRA Experts for Continual Information Extraction with LLMs

As general large language models continue to advance, their real-world adaptation through effective fine-tuning remains a significant challenge. We introduce Hierarchical Multilevel Contrastive Learning (HMCL), a new contrastive learning framework that improve task-specific text representation for general models. HMCL integrates three-level semantic differentiation (positive, weak-positive, and negative) and unifies contrastive learning, pair classification, and ranking objectives into a cohesive optimization strategy. HMCL demonstrates exceptional results across multi-domain and multilingual benchmarks, including text similarity, retrieval, reranking and RAG tasks. It outperforms top unsupervised methods and supervised fine-tuning approaches while maintaining broad compatibility with architectures ranging from BERT to Qwen, 330M to 7B. In real-world merchant consultation scenarios, HMCL shows a 0.70-6.24 point improvement over original fine-tuning methods in large-scale base models. This establishes HMCL as a versatile solution that bridges the gap between general-purpose models and specialized industrial applications.

HMCL: Task-Optimal Text Representation Adaptation through Hierarchical Contrastive Learning

Although retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) remains essential for knowledge-based question answering (KBQA), current paradigms face critical challenges under specific domains. Existing methods struggle with targeted adaptation on small-scale KBs: vanilla unsupervised training exhibits poor effectiveness, while fine-tuning incurs prohibitive costs of external signals. We present KBAlign, a self-supervised framework that enhances RAG systems through efficient model adaptation. Our key insight is to leverage the model's intrinsic capabilities for knowledge alignment through two innovative mechanisms: multi-grained self-annotation that captures global knowledge for data construction, and iterative tuning that accelerates convergence through self verification. This framework enables cost-effective model adaptation to specific textual KBs, without human supervision or external model assistance. Experiments demonstrate that KBAlign can achieve 90% of the performance gain obtained through GPT-4-supervised adaptation, while relying entirely on self-annotation of much smaller models. KBAlign significantly improves downstream QA accuracy across multiple domains with tiny costs, particularly benefiting scenarios requiring deep knowledge integration from specialized corpora. We release our experimental data, models, and process analyses to the community for further exploration(https://anonymous.4open.science/r/KBAlign-D160).

KBAlign: Efficient Self Adaptation on Specific Textual Knowledge Bases

The ability to critique is vital for models to self-improve and serve as reliable AI assistants. While extensively studied in language-only settings, multimodal critique of Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) remains underexplored despite their growing capabilities in tasks like captioning and visual reasoning. In this work, we introduce MM-Critic, a holistic benchmark for evaluating the critique ability of LMMs across three dimensions: basic, correlation, and comparison. Covering 8 task types and over 500 tasks, MM-Critic collects responses from LMMs with various model sizes. To enhance the evaluation reliability, we design expert-informed scoring rubrics that guide GPT-4o in annotating responses and generating reference critiques, which serve as anchors for trustworthy judgments. Extensive experiments validate the effectiveness of MM-Critic and provide a comprehensive assessment of leading LMMs’ critique capabilities. Further analysis reveals key insights, including the correlation between response quality and critique, and varying critique difficulty across evaluation dimensions.

MM-CRITIC: A Holistic Evaluation of Large Multimodal Models as Multimodal Critique

In this paper, we investigate the relationship between Information Content (IC) and the squared norm of embeddings at the text level, focusing on the mechanisms and composition functions used to combine token embeddings. i) We formally derive two sufficient conditions for this correspondence to hold in embedding models. ii) We empirically examine the correspondence and the validity of these conditions at word level for both static and contextual embeddings and different subword token composition mechanisms. iii) Building on Shannon’s Constant Entropy Rate principle, we explore whether embedding mechanisms exhibit a linearly monotonic increase in information content as text length increases. Our formal analysis and experiments reveal that: i) At the word embedding level, models satisfy the sufficient conditions and show a strong correspondence when certain subword composition functions are applied. ii) Only scaled embedding averages proposed in this paper and certain information-theoretic composition functions preserve the correspondence. Some non-compositional representations—such as the CLS token in BERT or the EOS token in LLaMA—tend to converge toward a fixed point. The CLS token in ModernBERT, however, exhibits behavior that aligns more closely with the CER hypothesis.

On the Correspondence between the Squared Norm and Information Content in Text Embeddings

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems have advanced large language models (LLMs) in complex deep search scenarios requiring multi-step reasoning and iterative information retrieval. However, existing approaches face critical limitations that lack high-quality training trajectories or suffer from the distributional mismatches in simulated environments and prohibitive computational costs for real-world deployment. This paper introduces SimpleDeepSearcher, a lightweight yet effective framework that bridges this gap through strategic data engineering rather than complex training paradigms. Our approach synthesizes high-quality training data by simulating realistic user interactions in live web search environments, coupled with a multi-criteria curation strategy that optimizes the diversity and quality of input and output side. Experiments on five benchmarks across diverse domains demonstrate that SFT on only 871 curated samples yields significant improvements over RL-based baselines. Our work establishes SFT as a viable pathway by systematically addressing the data-scarce bottleneck, offering practical insights for efficient deep search systems. Our anonymous code is available at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/SimpleDeepSearcher.

SimpleDeepSearcher: Deep Information Seeking via Web-Powered Reasoning Trajectory Synthesis

As the utilization of language models in interdisciplinary, human-centered studies grow, the expectation of model capabilities continues to evolve. Beyond excelling at conventional tasks, models are recently expected to perform well on user-centric measurements involving confidence and human (dis)agreement- factors that reflect subjective preferences. While modeling of subjectivity plays an essential role in cognitive science and has been extensively studied, it remains under-explored within the NLP community. In light of this gap, we explore how language models can quantify subjectivity by conducting comprehensive experiments and analysis across various scenarios using both fine-tuned models and prompt-based large language models (LLMs). Our quantitative and qualitative experimental results demonstrate that personality traits and demographical information are critical for measuring subjectivity. However, our findings reveal that existing post-hoc calibration approaches often fail to produce satisfactory results. Furthermore, our in-depth analysis offers valuable insights for future research and development in the interdisciplinary studies of NLP and cognitive science.

Modeling Subjectivity in Cognitive Appraisal with Language Models

We explore Large Language Models (LLMs)' human motion knowledge through 3D avatar control. Given a motion instruction, we prompt LLMs to first generate a high-level movement plan with consecutive steps (**High-level Planning**), then specify body part positions in each step (**Low-level Planning**), which we linearly interpolate into avatar animations as a clear verification lens for human evaluators. Through carefully designed 20 representative motion instructions with full coverage of basic movement primitives and balanced body part usage, we conduct comprehensive evaluations including human assessment of both generated animations and high-level movement plans, as well as automatic comparison with oracle positions in low-level planning. We find that LLMs are strong at interpreting the high-level body movements but struggle with precise body part positioning. While breaking down motion queries into atomic components improves planning performance, LLMs have difficulty with multi-step movements involving high-degree-of-freedom body parts. Furthermore, LLMs provide reasonable approximation for general spatial descriptions, but fail to handle precise spatial specifications in text, and the precise spatial-temporal parameters needed for avatar control. Notably, LLMs show promise in conceptualizing creative motions and distinguishing culturally-specific motion patterns.

How Much Do Large Language Models Know about Human Motion? A Case Study in 3D Avatar Control

Few-shot intent detection (FSID) targets the classification of user queries into in-scope intent categories or detecting them as out-of-scope, with only a few or even zero labeled examples per class. Existing PLM-based methods struggle in low-resource situations; while LLM-based methods face high inference cost and label interference. To harness their complementary strengths, we propose the textbfFCSLM, a framework that collaborates a small prediction model with a large language model for the FSID task. During training, we leverage LLMs for data augmentation in self-supervised pretraining and supervised fine-tuning a task-specific prediction model. During inference, a multi-round reasoning process first applies the small prediction model to output candidate intents with uncertainty estimations, then invokes an LLM with enriched intent descriptions for refined prediction and OOS detection. Extensive experiments on three benchmark datasets demonstrate that our FCSLM outperforms strong competitors, achieving the new state-of-the-art performance in both intent classification and OOS detection.

On Collaborating Small and Large Models For Few-shot Intent Detection

Formulating information retrieval as a variant of generative modeling, specifically using autoregressive models to generate relevant identifiers for a given query, has recently attracted considerable attention. However, its application to personalized sticker retrieval remains largely unexplored and presents unique challenges: existing relevance-based generative retrieval methods typically lack personalization, leading to a mismatch between diverse user expectations and the retrieved results. To address this gap, we propose PEARL, a novel generative framework for personalized sticker retrieval, and make two key contributions: (i) To encode user-specific sticker preferences, we design a representation learning model to learn discriminative user representations. It is trained on three prediction tasks that leverage personal information and click history; and (ii) To generate stickers aligned with a user's query intent, we propose a novel intent-aware learning objective that prioritizes stickers associated with higher-ranked intents. Empirical results from both offline evaluations and online tests demonstrate that PEARL significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods.

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