China

Execution failures are common in daily life when individuals perform procedural tasks, such as cooking or handicrafts making. Retrieving relevant procedural documents that align closely with both the content of steps and the overall execution sequence can help correct these failures with fewer modifications. However, existing retrieval methods, which primarily focus on declarative knowledge, often neglect the execution sequence structures inherent in procedural documents. To tackle this challenge, we introduce a new dataset Procedural Questions, and propose a retrieval model Graph-Fusion Procedural Document Retriever (GFPDR) which integrates procedural graphs with document representations. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of GFPDR, highlighting its superior performance in procedural document retrieval compared to existing models.

EMNLP 2025

Sequence Structure Aware Retriever for Procedural Document Retrieval: A New Dataset and Baseline

poster

## Welcome!
"I am excited to welcome you to this year’s edition of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing! Importantly, it marks the 30th edition of EMNLP. With over 8,000 submissions, more than 3,000 accepted papers, and thousands of attendees, we have come a long way from that first
workshop, which had 14 accepted papers. As the field looks ahead, Suzhou is the fitting location for celebrating this milestone: rooted in a long literary tradition, yet modern and forward-looking, and home to a large share of the NLP community."<br>

*Message from the General Chair, Dirk Hovy*

[**Link to Conference Handbook**](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1johU5QqVVYO4RfH7QcIORr7qrVBdzdwC/view?usp=sharing)





<br>

Celebrate 30 Years of EMNLP! 
EMNLP 2025 will be held in Suzhou, China from November 5th to November 9th, 2025.

Prior research diverges on language diversity in LLM fine-tuning: Some studies report benefits while others find no advantages. Through controlled fine-tuning experiments across 132 translation directions, we systematically resolve these disparities. We find that expanding language diversity during fine-tuning improves translation quality for both unsupervised and---surprisingly---supervised pairs, despite less diverse models being fine-tuned exclusively on these supervised pairs. However, benefits plateau or decrease beyond a certain diversity threshold. We show that increased language diversity creates more language-agnostic representations. These representational adaptations help explain the improved performance in models fine-tuned with greater diversity.

The Effect of Language Diversity When Fine-Tuning Large Language Models for Translation

In recent years, the need for natural language interfaces to knowledge graphs has become increasingly important since they enable easy and efficient access to the information contained in them. In particular, property graphs (PGs) have seen increased adoption as a means of representing complex structured information. Despite their growing popularity in industry, PGs remain relatively underrepresented in semantic parsing research with a lack of resources for evaluation. To address this gap, we introduce ZOGRASCOPE, a benchmark designed specifically for PGs and queries written in Cypher. Our benchmark includes a diverse set of manually annotated queries of varying complexity and is organized into three partitions: iid, compositional and length. We complement this paper with a set of experiments that test the performance of different LLMs in a variety of learning settings.

ZOGRASCOPE: A New Benchmark for Semantic Parsing over Property Graphs

Partially Relevant Video Retrieval (PRVR) aims to retrieve untrimmed videos partially relevant to a given query. The core challenge lies in learning robust query-video alignment against spurious semantic correlations arising from inherent data uncertainty: 1) query ambiguity, where the query incompletely characterizes the target video and often contains uninformative tokens, and 2) partial video relevance, where abundant query-irrelevant segments introduce contextual noise in cross-modal alignment. Existing methods often focus on enhancing multi-scale clip representations and retrieving the most relevant clip. However, the inherent data uncertainty in PRVR renders them vulnerable to distractor videos with spurious similarities, leading to suboptimal performance. To fill this research gap, we propose Robust Alignment Learning (RAL) framework, which explicitly models the uncertainty in data. Key innovations include: 1) we pioneer probabilistic modeling for PRVR by encoding videos and queries as multivariate Gaussian distributions. This not only quantifies data uncertainty but also enables proxy-level matching to capture the variability in cross-modal correspondences; 2) we consider the heterogeneous informativeness of query words and introduce learnable confidence gates to dynamically weight similarity. As a plug-and-play solution, RAL can be seamlessly integrated into the existing architectures. Extensive experiments across diverse retrieval backbones demonstrate its superiority, \eg, achieving a +9.7 SumR improvement over the previous SOTA GMMFormer v2 on TVR.

Enhancing Partially Relevant Video Retrieval with Robust Alignment Learning

Fine tuning pretrained language models for downstream NLP tasks, while effective, can be costly when the model size and the number of tasks increase, as it requires full parameter updates and a separate model served for each task. Parameter-efficient tuning (PET) addresses the issue by keeping the pretrained parameters fixed while introducing minimal task-specific parameters. There are two essential PET paradigms: prompt-based tuning and adapter-based tuning, each with distinct limitations. Prompt-based methods suffer from increased input lengths and sensitivity to weight initialization, whereas adapter approaches can substantially increase inference time. To overcome these limitations, we propose prompt adaptive tuning (PrAd), a general prompt-based tuning framework for decode-only models that delivers strong performance with high efficiency, even in multi-task scenarios. Unlike conventional prompt-based tuning which uses soft tokens to "wrap" inputs, PrAd employs adapters for flexible input transformation. While traditional adapter-based tuning adapts both the prompt and decoded tokens, PrAd only adapts the prompt. PrAd enables the creation of diverse prompt-based approaches while providing critical advantages for real-world use: (1) it can maintain original input lengths with easy initialization during training, like adapter-based methods; (2) it can reduce management costs while facilitating deployment and efficient batch inference of different tasks, like prompt-based tuning.; and (3) it introduces no additional inference latency in the decoding phase even when serving multiple tasks concurrently. Experiments on six diverse tasks demonstrate that PrAd can consistently attain comparable or better performance and higher inference efficiency.

PrAd: Prompt Adaptive Tuning for Decoder-only Language Models

Evaluating large language models (LLMs) in medicine is crucial because medical applications require high accuracy with little room for error. Current medical benchmarks have three main types: medical exam-based, comprehensive medical, and specialized assessments. However, these benchmarks have limitations in question design (mostly multiple-choice), data sources (often not derived from real clinical scenarios), and evaluation methods (poor assessment of complex reasoning). To address these issues, we present LLMEval-Medicine, a new benchmark covering five core medical areas, including 2,996 questions created from real-world electronic health records and expert-designed clinical scenarios. We also design an automated evaluation pipeline, incorporating expert-developed checklists into our LLM-as-Judge framework. Furthermore, our methodology validates machine scoring through human-machine agreement analysis, dynamically refining checklists and prompts based on expert feedback to ensure reliability. We evaluate 13 LLMs across three categories (specialized medical models, open-source models, and closed-source models) on LLMEval-Med, providing valuable insights for the safe and effective deployment of LLMs in medical domains.

LLMEval-Med: A Real-world Clinical Benchmark for Medical LLMs with Physician Validation

Cross-lingual consistency should be considered to assess cross-lingual transferability, maintain the factuality of the model knowledge across languages, and preserve the parity of language model performance. We are thus interested in analyzing, evaluating, and interpreting cross-lingual consistency for factual knowledge. We examine code-mixed coreferential statements conveyed identical knowledge across languages to study cross-lingual knowledge consistency. We use some interpretability approaches to analyze the behavior of a model in cross-lingual contexts, discovering that multilingual models show different levels of consistency, subject to language families, linguistic factors, and a bottleneck in cross-lingual consistency on a particular layer. In addition, we evaluate common strategies aimed at improving multilingual performance to observe whether these strategies can improve knowledge consistency at the same time. While knowledge is not cross-lingual consistent in many cases, code-switching training and cross-lingual word alignment objectives show the most promising results, emphasizing the noteworthiness of cross-lingual alignment supervision and code-switching training for both multilingual performance and cross-lingual consistency enhancement.

Are Knowledge and Reference in Multilingual Language Models Cross-Lingually Consistent?

Listwise ranking based on Large Language Models (LLMs) has achieved state-of-the-art performance in Information Retrieval (IR). However, their effectiveness often depends on LLMs with massive parameter scale (e.g., GPT-4) and computationally expensive sliding window processing, leading to substantial efficiency bottlenecks. In this paper, we propose a Collaborative Ranking framework (CoRanking) for LLM-based listwise ranking. Specifically, we strategically combine an efficient small reranker and an effective large reranker, and jointly optimize with a novel reinforcement learning method (RL). The small reranker performs initial passage ranking, effectively filtering the candidate set to a condensed top-k list (e.g., top-20 passages), and the large reranker (with stronger ranking capability) then reranks only this condensed subset rather than the full list, significantly improving efficiency. We further address that directly passing the top-ranked passages from the small reranker to the large reranker is suboptimal because of the LLM's strong positional bias in processing input sequences. To resolve this issue, we propose a passage order adjuster learned by RL that dynamically reorders the top passages returned by the small reranker to better align with the large LLM's input preferences. Our extensive experiments across three IR benchmarks demonstrate that CoRanking achieves superior efficiency, reducing ranking latency by approximately 70% while simultaneously improving effectiveness, compared to standalone large listwise reranker.

CoRanking: Collaborative Ranking with Small and Large Ranking Agents

Temporal reasoning in legal texts is important for applications like case law analysis and compliance monitoring. However, existing datasets lack expert language evaluation, leaving a gap in understanding how LLMs manage event ordering in legal contexts. We introduce LexTime, the first dataset designed to evaluate LLMs' event ordering capabilities in legal language, consisting of 512 instances from U.S. Federal Complaints with annotated event pairs and their temporal relations. Our findings show that (1) LLMs are more accurate on legal event ordering than on narrative (up to +10.5%); (2) longer input contexts and implicit events boost accuracy, reaching 80.8% for implicit-explicit event pairs; (3) legal linguistic complexities and nested clauses remain a challenge. We investigate how context length, explicit vs implicit event pairs, and legal language features affect model performance, demonstrating the need for specific modeling strategies to enhance temporal event reasoning.

LexTime: A Benchmark for Temporal Ordering of Legal Events

Media framing refers to the emphasis on specific aspects of perceived reality to shape how an issue is defined and understood. Its primary purpose is to shape public perceptions often in alignment with the authors' opinions and stances. However, the interaction between stance and media frame remains largely unexplored. In this work, we apply an interdisciplinary approach to conceptualize and computationally explore this interaction with internet memes on climate change. We curate CLIMATEMEMES, the first dataset of climate-change memes annotated with both stance and media frames, inspired by research in communication science. CLIMATEMEMES includes 1,184 memes sourced from 47 subreddits, enabling analysis of frame prominence over time and communities, and sheds light on the framing preferences of different stance holders. We propose two meme understanding tasks: stance detection and media frame detection. We evaluate LLaVA-NeXT and Molmo in various setups, and report the corresponding results on their LLM backbone. Human captions consistently enhance performance. Synthetic captions and human-corrected OCR also help occasionally. Our findings highlight that VLMs perform well on stance, but struggle on frames, where LLMs outperform VLMs. Finally, we analyze VLMs’ limitations in handling nuanced frames and stance expressions on climate change internet memes.

What Media Frames Reveal About Stance: A Dataset and Study about Memes in Climate Change Discourse

The task of Critical Questions Generation (CQs-Gen) aims to foster critical thinking by enabling systems to generate questions that expose underlying assumptions and challenge the validity of argumentative reasoning structures. Despite growing interest in this area, progress has been hindered by the lack of suitable datasets and automatic evaluation standards. This paper presents a comprehensive approach to support the development and benchmarking of systems for this task. We construct the first large-scale dataset including 5K manually annotated questions. We also investigate automatic evaluation methods and propose a reference-based technique using large language models (LLMs) as the strategy that best correlates with human judgments. Our zero-shot evaluation of 11 LLMs establishes a strong baseline while showcasing the difficulty of the task. Data and code plus a public leaderboard are provided to encourage further research not only in terms of model performance, but also to explore the practical benefits of CQs-Gen for both automated reasoning and human critical thinking.

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The Effect of Language Diversity When Fine-Tuning Large Language Models for Translation

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