China

This paper establishes a formal information-theoretic framework for image captioning, conceptualizing captions as compressed linguistic representations that selectively encode semantic units in images. Our framework posits that good image captions should balance three key aspects: informationally sufficient, minimally redundant, and readily comprehensible by humans. By formulating these aspects as quantitative measures with adjustable weights, our framework provides a flexible foundation for analyzing and optimizing image captioning systems across diverse task requirements. To demonstrate its applicability, we introduce the Pyramid of Captions (PoCa) method, which generates enriched captions by integrating local and global visual information. We present both theoretical proof that PoCa improves caption quality under certain assumptions, and empirical validation of its effectiveness across various image captioning models and datasets.

EMNLP 2025

What Makes for Good Image Captions?

poster

## Welcome!
"I am excited to welcome you to this year’s edition of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing! Importantly, it marks the 30th edition of EMNLP. With over 8,000 submissions, more than 3,000 accepted papers, and thousands of attendees, we have come a long way from that first
workshop, which had 14 accepted papers. As the field looks ahead, Suzhou is the fitting location for celebrating this milestone: rooted in a long literary tradition, yet modern and forward-looking, and home to a large share of the NLP community."<br>

*Message from the General Chair, Dirk Hovy*

[**Link to Conference Handbook**](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1johU5QqVVYO4RfH7QcIORr7qrVBdzdwC/view?usp=sharing)





<br>

Celebrate 30 Years of EMNLP! 
EMNLP 2025 will be held in Suzhou, China from November 5th to November 9th, 2025.

Automatic language identification is frequently framed as a multi-class classification problem. However, when creating digital corpora, for less commonly written languages, it may be more appropriate to consider it a data mining problem. For these languages, one knows ahead of time that the vast majority of documents are of little interest. By minimizing resources spent on classifying such documents, we can create corpora for rare languages much faster and with better coverage than using established pipelines. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the language mining perspective, we introduce a new pipeline and corpora for several French-based Creoles.

Identifying Rare Languages in Common Crawl Data is a Needles-in-a-Haystack Problem

Visual Question Answering (VQA) requires a vision-language model to reason over both visual and textual inputs to answer questions about images. In this work, we investigate whether incorporating explicit semantic information, in the form of Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) graphs, can enhance model performance—particularly in low-resource settings where training data is limited. We augment two vision-language models, LXMERT and BLIP-2, with sentence- and document-level AMRs and evaluate their performance under both full and reduced training data conditions. Our findings show that in well-resourced settings, models (in particular the smaller LXMERT) are negatively impacted by incorporating AMR without specialized training. However, in low-resource settings, AMR proves beneficial: LXMERT achieves up to a 13.1% relative gain using sentence-level AMRs. These results suggest that while addition of AMR can lower the performance in some settings, in a low-resource setting AMR can serve as a useful semantic prior, especially for lower-capacity models trained on limited data.

One More Modality: Does Abstract Meaning Representation Benefit Visual Question Answering?

Recent progress in large language models (LLMs) has enabled substantial advances in solving mathematical problems. However, existing benchmarks often fail to reflect real-world complexity, which demand open-ended, interdisciplinary reasoning and integration of computational tools. To address this gap, we introduce **ModelingBench**, a novel benchmark featuring real-world-inspired, open-ended problems from math modeling competitions across diverse domains, ranging from urban traffic optimization to ecosystem resource planning. These tasks require translating natural language into formal mathematical formulations, applying appropriate tools, and producing structured, defensible reports. ModelingBench supports multiple valid solutions, capturing the ambiguity and creativity of practical modeling. To solve these challenges, we present **ModelingAgent**, a multi-agent framework that coordinates tool use, supports structured workflows, and enables iterative self-refinement to generate well-grounded, creative solutions. Empirical results show that ModelingAgent substantially outperforms strong baselines and often produces solutions indistinguishable from those of human experts. Together, our work provides a comprehensive framework for evaluating and advancing real-world problem-solving in open-ended, interdisciplinary modeling challenges.

ModelingAgent: Bridging LLMs and Mathematical Modeling for Real-World Challenges

Multilingual Large Language Models (MLLMs) demonstrate strong generalization across languages, yet they remain prone to hallucinations, especially in low-resource languages, due to training data imbalances. These hallucinations, which include inaccurate or fabricated outputs, are particularly problematic in domain-specific generation tasks (Chataigner et al., 2024). To address this challenge, we propose CCL-XCoT (Curriculum-based Contrastive Learning-based Cross-lingual Chain-of-Thought), a two-stage fine-tuning framework for mitigating hallucination in MLLMs. Our approach first enhances cross-lingual semantic alignment through curriculum-based contrastive learning combined with next-token prediction during continued pre-training. Building on this foundation, we then introduce a cross-lingual Chain-of-Thought (XCoT) prompting strategy during instruction fine-tuning, which guides the model to reason in a high-resource language before generating answers in the target low-resource language. Experimental results show that CCL-XCoT reduces hallucination rates by up to 62% and substantially improves factual knowledge transfer across language pairs, without relying on external retrieval or multi-model ensembles.

CCL-XCoT: An Efficient Cross-Lingual Knowledge Transfer Method for Mitigating Hallucination Generation

Effective cross-lingual transfer remains a critical challenge in scaling the benefits of large language models from high-resource to low-resource languages. Towards this goal, prior studies have explored many approaches to combine task knowledge from task-specific data in a (high-resource) source language and language knowledge from unlabeled text in a (low-resource) target language. One notable approach proposed composable sparse fine-tuning (SFT) for cross-lingual transfer that learns task-specific and language-specific sparse masks to select a subset of the pretrained model's parameters that are further fine-tuned. These sparse fine-tuned vectors (SFTs) are subsequently composed with the pretrained model to facilitate zero-shot cross-lingual transfer to a task in a target language, using only task-specific data from a source language. These sparse masks for SFTs were identified using a simple magnitude-based pruning. In our work, we introduce DeFT-X, a novel composable SFT approach that denoises the weight matrices of a pretrained model before magnitude pruning using singular value decomposition, thus yielding more robust SFTs. We evaluate DeFT-X on a diverse set of extremely low-resource languages for sentiment classification (NusaX) and natural language inference (AmericasNLI) and demonstrate that it performs at par or outperforms SFT and other prominent cross-lingual transfer baselines.

DeFT-X: Denoised Sparse Fine-Tuning for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable text generation and syntax parsing capabilities in high-resource languages. However, their performance notably declines in low-resource languages due to memory forgetting stemming from semantic interference across languages. To address this issue, we propose a novel deep hierarchical syntax understanding approach to improve the cross-lingual semantic memory capability of LLMs. First, we design a multi-task joint fine-tuning strategy to implicitly align linguistic knowledge between source and target languages in LLMs, which is leveraged to initially parse the target text. Second, we automatically construct the multilingual dependency label banks based on the statistical structure information from the Universal Dependencies (UD) data. Third, we obtain each label's memory strength via in-depth analysis of the initial parsing tree and its dependency label bank. Finally, memory strength is further exploited to guide LLMs to learn the linguistic commonalities from multilingual dependency label banks, thus activating the memory ability of weak labels. Experimental results on four benchmark datasets show that our method can dramatically improve the parsing accuracy of all baseline models, leading to new state-of-the-art results. Further analysis reveals that our approach can effectively enhance the weak syntactic label memory cognition of LLMs by combining the advantages of both implicit multi-task fine-tuning and explicit label bank guiding. Our code and label banks will be made publicly available.

Memory-enhanced Large Language Model for Cross-lingual Dependency Parsing via Deep Hierarchical Syntax Understanding

Scientific paper retrieval is essential for supporting literature discovery and research. While dense retrieval methods demonstrate effectiveness in general-purpose tasks, they often fail to capture fine-grained scientific concepts that are essential for accurate understanding of scientific queries. Recent studies also use large language models (LLMs) for query understanding; however, these methods often lack grounding in corpus-specific knowledge and may generate unreliable or unfaithful content. To overcome these limitations, we propose SemRank, an effective and efficient paper retrieval framework that combines LLM-guided query understanding with a concept-based semantic index. Each paper is indexed using multi-granular scientific concepts, including general research topics and detailed key phrases. At query time, an LLM identifies core concepts derived from the corpus to explicitly capture the query's information need. These identified concepts enable precise semantic matching, significantly enhancing retrieval accuracy. Experiments show that SemRank consistently improves the performance of various base retrievers, surpasses strong existing LLM-based baselines, and remains highly efficient.

Scientific Paper Retrieval with LLM-Guided Semantic-Based Ranking

Cross-lingual alignment of nuanced sociological concepts is crucial for comparative cross-cultural research, harmonising longitudinal studies, and leveraging knowledge from social science taxonomies (e.g., ELSST). However, aligning these concepts is challenging due to cultural context-dependency, linguistic variation, and data scarcity, particularly for low-resource languages. Existing methods often fail to capture domain-specific subtleties or require extensive parallel data. Grounded in a Vector Decomposition Hypothesis—positing separable domain and language components within embeddings, supported by observed language-pair specific geometric structures—we propose DLIR (Dual-Branch LoRA for Invariant Representation). DLIR employs parallel Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) branches: one captures core sociological semantics (trained primarily on English data structured by the ELSST hierarchy), while the other learns language invariance by counteracting specific language perturbations. These perturbations are modeled by Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs) fitted on minimal parallel concept data using spherical geometry. DLIR significantly outperforms strong baselines on cross-lingual sociological concept retrieval across 10 languages. Demonstrating powerful zero-shot knowledge transfer, English-trained DLIR substantially surpasses target-language (French/German) LoRA fine-tuning even in monolingual tasks. DLIR learns disentangled, language-robust representations, advancing resource-efficient multilingual understanding and enabling reliable cross-lingual comparison of sociological constructs.

DLIR: Spherical Adaptation for Cross-Lingual Knowledge Transfer of Sociological Concepts Alignment

Context-aware embedding methods boost retrieval accuracy by conditioning on corpus statistics (e.g., term co-occurrence and topical patterns) extracted from neighboring documents. However, this context-aware approach requires access to the target corpus or requires domain-specific finetuning, posing practical barriers in privacy-sensitive or resource-constrained settings. We present ZEST, a zero-shot contextual adaptation framework that replaces real corpus access with a one-time offline synthesis of a compact proxy. Given only a handful exemplar documents representative of the general target domain, we use a multi-step hierarchical procedure to generate a synthetic context corpus of several hundred documents that aims to emulate key domain-specific distributions. At inference, the frozen context-aware encoder uses this proxy corpus -- without any finetuning or target corpus access -- to produce domain-adapted embeddings. Across the MTEB benchmark, ZEST's zero-shot synthetic context adaptation using only five example documents performs within 0.5% of models leveraging full target corpus access -- demonstrating remarkable efficacy without any retraining. ZEST thus provides a practical method for deploying high-performance, adaptable embeddings in constrained environments.

Zero-Shot Contextual Embeddings via Offline Synthetic Corpus Generation

Large Language Models (LLMs) are capable of recalling multilingual factual knowledge present in their pretraining data. However, most studies evaluate only the final model, leaving the development of factual recall and crosslingual consistency throughout pretraining largely unexplored. In this work, we trace how factual recall and crosslingual consistency evolve during pretraining, focusing on OLMo-7B as a case study. We find that both accuracy and consistency improve over time for most languages. We show that this improvement is primarily driven by the fact frequency in the pretraining corpus: more frequent facts are more likely to be recalled correctly, regardless of language. Yet, some low-frequency facts in non-English languages can still be correctly recalled. Our analysis reveals that these instances largely benefit from crosslingual transfer of their English counterparts -- an effect that emerges predominantly in the early stages of pretraining. We pinpoint two distinct pathways through which multilingual factual knowledge acquisition occurs: (1) frequency-driven learning, which is dominant and language-agnostic, and (2) crosslingual transfer, which is limited in scale and typically constrained to relation types involving named entities. We will release our code to facilitate further research.

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Identifying Rare Languages in Common Crawl Data is a Needles-in-a-Haystack Problem

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