China

Large Language Models (LLMs) hold significant promise for transforming digital health by enabling automated medical question answering. However, ensuring these models meet critical industry standards for factual accuracy, usefulness, and safety remains a challenge, especially for open-source solutions. We present a rigorous benchmarking framework via a dataset of over 1,000 health questions. We assess model performance across honesty, helpfulness, and harmlessness. Our results highlight trade-offs between factual reliability and safety among evaluated models---Mistral-7B, BioMistral-7B-DARE, and AlpaCare-13B. AlpaCare-13B achieves the highest accuracy (91.7%) and harmlessness (0.92), while domain-specific tuning in BioMistral-7B-DARE boosts safety (0.90) despite smaller scale. Few-shot prompting improves accuracy from 78% to 85%, and all models show reduced helpfulness on complex queries, highlighting challenges in clinical QA. Our code is available at: \url{https://anonymous.4open.science/r/TTT-C21B/README.md}

EMNLP 2025

Truth, Trust, and Trouble: Medical AI on the Edge

harmlessness

helpfulness

honesty

medical

poster

## Welcome!
"I am excited to welcome you to this year’s edition of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing! Importantly, it marks the 30th edition of EMNLP. With over 8,000 submissions, more than 3,000 accepted papers, and thousands of attendees, we have come a long way from that first
workshop, which had 14 accepted papers. As the field looks ahead, Suzhou is the fitting location for celebrating this milestone: rooted in a long literary tradition, yet modern and forward-looking, and home to a large share of the NLP community."<br>

*Message from the General Chair, Dirk Hovy*

[**Link to Conference Handbook**](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1johU5QqVVYO4RfH7QcIORr7qrVBdzdwC/view?usp=sharing)





<br>

Celebrate 30 Years of EMNLP! 
EMNLP 2025 will be held in Suzhou, China from November 5th to November 9th, 2025.

In a technology company, quality of customer service that involves providing
troubleshooting assistance and advice to customers is a crucial asset.
Often, insights from historical customer service data are used to make decisions related to future product offerings. In this paper, we address the challenging problem of automatic assignment of product names and software version labels to customer Service Requests (SRs) related to BLIND, a company in the networking domain.
We study the effectiveness of state-of-the-art Large Language Models (LLMs) in assigning the correct product name codes and software versions from several possible label options and their ``non-canonical'' mentions in the associated SR data. To this end, we frame the assignment as a multiple-choice question answering task instead of conventional prompts and devise, to our knowledge, a novel pipeline of employing a classifier for filtering inputs to the LLM for saving usage costs. On our experimental dataset based on real SRs, we are able to correctly identify product name and software version labels when they are mentioned with over 90% accuracy while cutting LLM costs by ~40-60% on average, thus providing a viable solution for practical deployment.

On Assigning Product and Software Codes to Customer Service Requests with Large Language Models

Despite recent advancements in Multilingual Information Retrieval (MLIR), a significant gap remains between research and practical deployment. Many studies assess MLIR performance in isolated settings, limiting their applicability to real-world scenarios.
In this work, we leverage the unique characteristics of the Quranic multilingual corpus to examine the optimal strategies to develop an ad-hoc IR system for the Islamic domain that is designed to satisfy users' information needs in multiple languages. 
We prepared eleven retrieval models employing four training approaches: monolingual, cross-lingual, translate-train-all, and a novel mixed method combining cross-lingual and monolingual techniques. 
Evaluation on an in-domain dataset demonstrates that the mixed approach achieves promising results across diverse retrieval scenarios. Furthermore, we provide a detailed analysis of how different training configurations affect the embedding space and their implications for multilingual retrieval effectiveness.
Finally, we discuss deployment considerations, emphasizing the cost-efficiency of deploying a single versatile, lightweight model for real-world MLIR applications.

Efficient and Versatile Model for Multilingual Information Retrieval of Islamic Text: Development and Deployment in Real-World Scenarios

Repetitive practice with isomorphic math problems is crucial for mathematics education. To automate the creation of such problems at scale, recent techniques using Large Language Models(LLM) have shown promise, yet they remain unsuitable for production environments due to their failure to ensure mathematical correctness and structural consistency. To bridge this gap, we introduce the task of Isomorphic Math Problem Generation (IMPG) and propose Computational Blueprints for Isomorphic Twins (CBIT) to tackle it. In this framework, the LLM authors a reusable program that generates problems, rather than the problem text itself. Extensive experiments demonstrate that CBIT achieves mathematical accuracy, structural consistency, and efficiency. Furthermore, problems generated via CBIT shows competitive performance against those from human experts when deployed in a real-world educational setting.

Computational Blueprints: Generating Isomorphic Math Problems with Large Language Models

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have brought significant improvements to various service domains, including chatbots and medical pre-consultation applications. In the healthcare domain, the most common approach for adapting LLMs to multi-turn dialogue generation is Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT). However, datasets for SFT in tasks like medical pre-consultation typically exhibit a skewed turn-count distribution. Training on such data induces a novel failure mechanism we term **Format Inertia**, where models tend to generate repetitive, format-correct, but diagnostically uninformative questions in long medical dialogues. To mitigate this observed failure mechanism, we adopt a simple, data-centric method that rebalances the turn-count distribution of the training dataset. Experimental results show that our approach substantially alleviates Format Inertia in medical pre-consultation.

Format Inertia: A Failure Mechanism of LLMs in Medical Pre-Consultation

Developing document understanding models at enterprise scale requires large, diverse, and well-annotated datasets spanning a wide range of document types. However, collecting such data is prohibitively expensive due to privacy constraints, legal restrictions, and the sheer volume of manual annotation needed - costs that can scale into millions of dollars. We introduce FlexDoc, a scalable synthetic data generation framework that combines Stochastic Schemas and Parameterized Sampling to produce realistic, multilingual semi-structured documents with rich annotations. By probabilistically modeling layout patterns, visual structure, and content variability, FlexDoc enables the controlled generation of diverse document variants at scale. Experiments on Key Information Extraction (KIE) tasks demonstrate that FlexDoc-generated data improves the absolute F1 Score by up to 11% when used to augment real datasets, while reducing annotation effort by over 90% compared to traditional hard-template methods. The solution is in active deployment, where it has accelerated the development of enterprise-grade document understanding models while significantly reducing data acquisition and annotation costs.

FlexDoc: Parameterized Sampling for Diverse Multilingual Synthetic Documents for Training Document Understanding Models

Input errors in question-answering (QA) systems often lead to incorrect responses. Large language models (LLMs) struggle with this task, frequently failing to interpret user intent (misinterpretation) or unnecessarily altering the original question's structure (over-correction).
We propose QuestionRAG, a framework that tackles these problems. To address misinterpretation, it enriches the input with external knowledge (e.g., search results, related entities). To prevent over-correction, it uses reinforcement learning (RL) to align the model's objective with precise correction, not just paraphrasing.
Our results demonstrate that knowledge augmentation is critical for understanding faulty questions. Furthermore, RL-based alignment proves significantly more effective than traditional supervised fine-tuning (SFT), boosting the model's ability to follow instructions and generalize. By integrating these two strategies, QuestionRAG unlocks the full potential of LLMs for the question correction task.

Knowledge-Augmented Question Error Correction for Chinese Question Answer System with QuestionRAG

Creating robust occupation taxonomies, vital for applications ranging from job recommendation to labor market intelligence, is challenging.
Manual curation is slow, while existing automated methods are either not adaptive to dynamic regional markets (top-down) or struggle to build coherent hierarchies from noisy data (bottom-up). We introduce CLIMB (CLusterIng-based Multi-agent taxonomy Builder), a framework that fully automates the creation of high-quality, data-driven taxonomies from raw job postings. CLIMB uses global semantic clustering to distill core occupations, then employs a reflection-based multi-agent system to iteratively build a logically coherent hierarchy. On three diverse, real-world datasets, we show that CLIMB produces taxonomies that are more coherent and scalable than existing methods and successfully capture unique regional characteristics. We release our code and datasets at \url{https://anonymous.4open.science/r/CLIMB }.

Building Data-Driven Occupation Taxonomies: A Bottom-Up Multi-Stage Approach via Semantic Clustering and Multi-Agent Collaboration

Evaluating long-form answers in high-stakes domains such as law or medicine remains a fundamental challenge. Standard metrics like BLEU and ROUGE fail to capture semantic correctness, and current LLM-based evaluators often reduce nuanced aspects of answer quality into a single undifferentiated score. We introduce DeCE, a decomposed LLM evaluation framework that separates precision (factual accuracy and relevance) and recall (coverage of required concepts), using instance-specific criteria automatically extracted from gold answer requirements. DeCE is model-agnostic and domain-general, requiring no predefined taxonomies or handcrafted rubrics. We instantiate DeCE to evaluate different LLMs on a real-world legal QA task involving multi-jurisdictional reasoning and citation grounding. DeCE achieves substantially stronger correlation with expert judgments (r=0.78), compared to traditional metrics (r=0.12) and pointwise LLM scoring (r=0.35). It also reveals interpretable trade-offs: generalist models favor recall, while specialized models favor precision. Importantly, only 11.95% of LLM-generated criteria required expert revision, underscoring DeCE’s scalability. DeCE offers an interpretable and actionable LLM evaluation framework in expert domains.

Beyond Pointwise Scores: Decomposed Criteria-Based Evaluation of LLM Responses

Telemarketing towards merchants is considerably more complex than traditional dialogue systems. 
Given a user utterance, the response must not only follow the context but also strategically and naturally guide the conversation toward marketing objectives. 
A common approach is to fine-tune LLMs using high-quality dialogue data from top sales. 
However, we find that even after careful data cleaning, these data cannot be used directly due to two issues:
(1) Poor strategy-following: Real-world conversations are highly random with much chit-chat topics, easily leading deviation from intended strategy.
(2) Insufficient expert knowledge learning: Expert knowledge appears infrequently or not at all in limited collected corpus.
To this end, we introduce a hybrid data synthesis framework with two main innovations. 
First, we unify the input schema with profile and strategy designed by top sales, and extract them via a Multi-task paradigm.
In addition, we propose Role-playing Simulation and Session Prefix Completion to complementarily improve the strategy-following and inject long-tail expert knowledge into our fine-tuned model -- TeleBot.
Comprehensive online and offline evaluations demonstrate its effectiveness.
In particular, in terms of the final marketing results -- High Intention Rate, TeleBot reaches the performance level of the top 25% of human sales.

Advancing E-commerce Merchants Telemarketing with Synthetic Data-Driven LLMs

Limited access to mental healthcare resources hinders timely depression diagnosis.
Social media platforms present a valuable data source for early detection, yet this task faces two significant challenges: 1) the need for medical knowledge to distinguish clinical depression from transient mood changes, and 2) the dual requirement for high accuracy and model explainability.
To address this, we propose DORIS, a framework that leverages Large Language Models (LLMs).
To integrate medical knowledge, DORIS utilizes LLMs to annotate user texts against established medical diagnostic criteria and to summarize historical posts into temporal \textit{mood courses.}
These medically-informed features are then used to train an accurate Gradient Boosting Tree (GBT) classifier.
Explainability is achieved by generating justifications for predictions based on the LLM-derived symptom annotations and mood course analyses.
Extensive experimental results validate the effectiveness and interpretability of our method, highlighting its potential as a supportive tool for mental health professionals.

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On Assigning Product and Software Codes to Customer Service Requests with Large Language Models

Stay up to date with the latest Underline news!

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