China

We introduce the first dataset that includes both lexical complexity prediction (LCP) annotations and lexical simplification (LS) for Romanian, along with a comparison of lexical simplification methods for this language. The LCP annotations were collected from young adult participants using different corpora, including 569 human-translated samples from English, 1,765 samples from the Representative Corpus of Romanian, and 1,587 samples from a diverse set of Romanian texts. We propose a methodology for ordering simplification candidates using pairwise ranking approximation and explore several novel pipelines for complexity prediction and simplification. These efforts result in the development of the first text simplification system for Romanian.

EMNLP 2025

RALS: Resources and Baselines for Romanian Automatic Lexical Simplification

poster

## Welcome!
"I am excited to welcome you to this year’s edition of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing! Importantly, it marks the 30th edition of EMNLP. With over 8,000 submissions, more than 3,000 accepted papers, and thousands of attendees, we have come a long way from that first
workshop, which had 14 accepted papers. As the field looks ahead, Suzhou is the fitting location for celebrating this milestone: rooted in a long literary tradition, yet modern and forward-looking, and home to a large share of the NLP community."<br>

*Message from the General Chair, Dirk Hovy*

[**Link to Conference Handbook**](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1johU5QqVVYO4RfH7QcIORr7qrVBdzdwC/view?usp=sharing)





<br>

Celebrate 30 Years of EMNLP! 
EMNLP 2025 will be held in Suzhou, China from November 5th to November 9th, 2025.

The widespread adoption of large language models (LLMs) has increased the need for reliable AI-text detection. While current detectors perform well on benchmark datasets, we identify a critical vulnerability: increasing the temperature parameter during inference significantly reduces detection accuracy. Based on this weakness, we propose TempParaphraser, a simple yet effective paraphrasing framework that simulates high-temperature sampling effects through multiple normal-temperature generations, effectively evading detection. Experiments show that TempParaphraser reduces detector accuracy by an average of 97.3% while preserving high text quality. We also demonstrate that training on TempParaphraser-augmented data improves detector robustness. All resources are publicly available to support future research.

TempParaphraser: "Heating Up" Text to Evade AI-Text Detection through Paraphrasing

Recent works in Natural Language Inference (NLI) and related tasks employ atomic fact decomposition to enhance interpretability and robustness, yet existing methods rely on resource-intensive large language models (LLMs) to perform decomposition. We propose JEDI, an encoder-only architecture that jointly performs extractive atomic fact decomposition and interpretable inference without requiring generative models during inference. To facilitate training, we introduce SYRP, a large corpus of synthetic rationales covering multiple NLI benchmarks. Experimental results demonstrate that JEDI achieves competitive accuracy in-distribution and significantly improves robustness to shallow heuristic biases compared to models based purely on extractive rationale supervision. Our findings show that fine-grained interpretability and robust generalization in NLI can be efficiently realized using encoder-only architectures and synthetic rationales.

Extractive Fact Decomposition for Interpretable Natural Language Inference in one Forward Pass

Efficient resume parsing is critical for global hiring, yet the absence of dedicated benchmarks for evaluating large language models (LLMs) on multilingual, structure-rich resumes hinders progress. To address this, we introduce ResumeBench, the first privacy-compliant benchmark comprising 2,500 synthetic resumes spanning 50 templates, 30 career fields, and 5 languages. These resumes are generated through a human-in-the-loop pipeline that prioritizes realism, diversity, and privacy compliance, which are validated against real-world resumes. This paper evaluates 24 state-of-the-art LLMs on ResumeBench, revealing substantial variations in handling resume complexities. Specifically, top-performing models like GPT-4o exhibit challenges in cross-lingual structural alignment while smaller models show inconsistent scaling effects. Code-specialized LLMs underperform relative to generalists, while JSON outputs enhance schema compliance but fail to address semantic ambiguities. Our findings underscore the necessity for domain-specific optimization and hybrid training strategies to enhance structural and contextual reasoning in LLMs.

Beyond Human Labels: A Multi-Linguistic Auto-Generated Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models on Resume Parsing

With the development of large language models, their ability to follow simple instructions has significantly improved. However, adhering to complex instructions remains a major challenge. Current approaches to generating complex instructions are often irrelevant to the current instruction requirements or suffer from limited scalability and diversity. Moreover, methods such as back-translation, while effective for simple instruction generation, fail to leverage the rich knowledge and formatting in human written documents. In this paper, we propose a novel **A**utomatic **I**terative **R**efinement (**AIR**) framework to generate complex instructions with constraints, which not only better reflects the requirements of real scenarios but also significantly enhances LLMs' ability to follow complex instructions. The AIR framework consists of two stages: 1) Generate an initial instruction from a document; 2) Iteratively refine instructions with LLM-as-judge guidance by comparing the model's output with the document to incorporate valuable constraints. Finally, we construct the AIR-10K dataset with 10K complex instructions and demonstrate that instructions generated with our approach significantly improve the model’s ability to follow complex instructions, outperforming existing methods for instruction generation.

AIR: Complex Instruction Generation via Automatic Iterative Refinement

Two key capabilities of language models (LMs) include encoding prior knowledge about entities, which enables them to answer queries like "What's the official language of Austria?", and adapting to new information provided in-context, e.g., "Pretend the official language of Austria is Tagalog." In this work, we present the family of targeted persuasion scores (TPS), designed to measure how persuasive a context is to an LM. Compared to evaluating persuasiveness based on a model's decoded answer to a query, the TPS family of measures offers a more fine-grained view of model behavior. Based on the Wasserstein distance, the TPS family of measures captures how much a context can shift a model from its original answer distribution toward a target answer distribution and, furthermore, can flexibly adapt to leverage relationships between possible answers for more meaningful measures. Empirically, we demonstrate that analyzing model behavior with the TPS can reveal more subtle aspects of model behavior that would otherwise remain hidden when only observing a model's decoded answer, e.g., in how contradictory in-context information influences a model. Through the TPS, we offer a way to more carefully measure the effect that a context has on a language model.

How Persuasive Is Your Context?

De-identification in the healthcare setting is an application of NLP where automated algorithms are used to remove personally identifying information of patients (and, sometimes, providers). With the recent rise of generative large language models (LLMs), there has been a corresponding rise in the number of papers that apply LLMs to de-identification. Although these approaches often report near-perfect results, significant challenges concerning reproducibility and utility of the research papers persist. This paper identifies three key limitations in the current literature: inconsistent reporting metrics hindering direct comparisons, the inadequacy of traditional classification metrics in capturing errors which LLMs may be more prone to (i.e., altering clinically relevant information), and lack of manual validation of automated metrics which aim to quantify these errors. To address these issues, we first present a survey of LLM-based de-identification research, highlighting the heterogeneity in reporting standards. Second, we evaluated a diverse set of models to quantify the extent of inappropriate removal of clinical information. Next, we conduct a manual validation of an existing evaluation metric to measure the removal of clinical information, employing clinical experts to assess their efficacy. We highlight poor performance and describe the inherent limitations of such metrics in identifying clinically significant changes. Lastly, we propose a novel methodology for the detection of clinically relevant information removal.

Not What the Doctor Ordered: Surveying LLM-based De-identification and Quantifying Clinical Information Loss

Medical fact-checking has become increasingly critical as more individuals seek medical information online. However, existing datasets predominantly focus on human-generated content, leaving the verification of content generated by large language models (LLMs) relatively unexplored. To address this gap, we introduce MedFact, the first evidence-based Chinese medical fact-checking dataset for LLM-generated medical content. It consists of 1,321 questions and 7,441 claims, mirroring the complexities of real-world medical scenarios. We conduct comprehensive experiments in both zero-shot and fine-tuning settings, showcasing the capability and challenges of current LLMs on this task, accompanied by an in-depth error analysis to point out key directions for future research.

MedFact: A Large-scale Chinese Dataset for Evidence-based Medical Fact-checking of LLM Responses

The growing deployment of deep learning models in real-world applications necessitates not only high predictive accuracy, but also mechanism to identify unreliable predictions, especially in high-stakes scenarios where decision risk must be minimized. Existing methods estimate uncertainty by leveraging predictive confidence (e.g., Softmax Response), structural characteristics of representation space (e.g., Mahalanobis distance), or stochastic variation in model outputs (e.g., Bayesian inference techniques such as Monte Carlo Dropout). In this work, we propose a novel uncertainty estimation (UE) framework based on sparse dictionary learning by identifying dictionary atoms associated with misclassified samples. We leverage pointwise mutual information (PMI) to quantify the association between sparse features and predictive failure. Our method -- Sparsity-based Uncertainty Estimation (SUE) -- is computationally efficient, is interpretable via atom-level analysis of the dictionary, has no assumption about the class distribution (like Mahalanobis distance), has a regularization effect which helps identifying the most fundamental blocks within the representation. We evaluated SUE on several NLU (GLUE tasks) and sentiment analysis (Twitter, ParaDetox, and Jigsaw) benchmarks. It performed better or achieved comparable performance to other methods. On average, SUE demonstrated the most consistent results across all benchmarks, achieving a 26% improvement over the second-best performing method (Softmax Response).

SUE: Sparsity-based Uncertainty Estimation via Sparse Dictionary Learning

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive general knowledge and reasoning abilities, yet their evaluation has predominantly focused on global or anglocentric subjects, often neglecting low-resource languages and culturally specific content. While recent multilingual benchmarks attempt to bridge this gap, many rely on automatic translation, which can introduce errors and misrepresent the original cultural context. To address this, we introduce SinhalaMMLU, the first multiple-choice question answering benchmark designed specifically for Sinhala, a low-resource language. The dataset includes over 7,000 questions spanning secondary to collegiate education levels, aligned with the Sri Lankan national curriculum, and covers six domains and 30 subjects, encompassing both general academic topics and culturally grounded knowledge. We evaluate 26 LLMs on SinhalaMMLU and observe that, while Claude 3.5 sonnet and GPT-4o achieve the highest average accuracies at 67% and 62% respectively, overall model performance remains limited. In particular, models struggle in culturally rich domains such as the Humanities, revealing substantial room for improvement in adapting LLMs to low-resource and culturally specific contexts.

SinhalaMMLU: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating Multitask Language Understanding in Sinhala

In this paper, we investigate the convergence of language models (LMs) trained under different random seeds, measuring convergence as the expected per-token Kullback--Leibler (KL) divergence across seeds. By comparing LM convergence as a function of model size and training checkpoint, we identify a four-phase convergence pattern: (i) an initial textbfuniform phase, (ii) a textbfsharp-convergence phase, (iii) a textbfsharp-divergence phase, and (iv) a textbfslow-reconvergence phase. Further, we observe that larger models reconverge faster in later training stages, while smaller models never actually reconverge; these results suggest that a certain model size may be necessary to learn stable distributions. Restricting our analysis to specific token frequencies, or part-of-speech (PoS) tags further reveals that convergence is uneven across linguistic categories: frequent tokens and function words converge faster and more reliably than their counterparts (infrequent tokens and content words). Overall, our findings highlight factors that influence the stability of the learned distributions in model training.

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TempParaphraser: "Heating Up" Text to Evade AI-Text Detection through Paraphrasing

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