China

Code-switching (CSW) is commonly observed among multilingual speakers, and is motivated by various paralinguistic, syntactic, and morphological aspects of conversation. We build on prior work by asking: how do discourse-level aspects of dialogue -- i.e. the content and function of speech -- influence patterns of CSW? To answer this, we analyze the named entities and dialogue acts present in a Spanish-English spontaneous speech corpus, and build a predictive model of CSW based on our statistical findings. We show that discourse content and function interact with patterns of CSW to varying degrees, with a stronger influence from function overall. Our work is the first to take a discourse-sensitive approach to understanding the pragmatic and referential cues of multilingual speech and has potential applications in improving the prediction, recognition, and synthesis of code-switched speech that is grounded in authentic aspects of multilingual discourse.

EMNLP 2025

Discourse-Driven Code-Switching: Analyzing the Role of Content and Communicative Function in Spanish-English Bilingual Speech

poster

## Welcome!
"I am excited to welcome you to this year’s edition of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing! Importantly, it marks the 30th edition of EMNLP. With over 8,000 submissions, more than 3,000 accepted papers, and thousands of attendees, we have come a long way from that first
workshop, which had 14 accepted papers. As the field looks ahead, Suzhou is the fitting location for celebrating this milestone: rooted in a long literary tradition, yet modern and forward-looking, and home to a large share of the NLP community."<br>

*Message from the General Chair, Dirk Hovy*

[**Link to Conference Handbook**](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1johU5QqVVYO4RfH7QcIORr7qrVBdzdwC/view?usp=sharing)





<br>

Celebrate 30 Years of EMNLP! 
EMNLP 2025 will be held in Suzhou, China from November 5th to November 9th, 2025.

Spoken-only languages are languages without a writing system. They remain excluded from modern Natural Language Processing (NLP) advancements like Large Language Models (LLMs) due to their lack of textual data. Existing NLP research focuses primarily on high-resource or written low-resource languages, leaving spoken-only languages critically underexplored. As a popular NLP paradigm, LLMs have demonstrated strong few-shot and cross-lingual generalization abilities, making them a promising solution for understanding and translating spoken-only languages. In this paper, we investigate how LLMs can translate spoken-only languages into high-resource languages by leveraging international phonetic transcription as an intermediate representation. We propose UNILANG, a unified language understanding framework that learns to translate spoken-only languages via in-context learning. Through automatic dictionary construction and knowledge retrieval, UNILANG equips LLMs with more fine-grained knowledge for improving word-level semantic alignment. To support this study, we introduce the SOLAN dataset, which consists of Bai (a spoken-only language) and its corresponding translations in a high-resource language. A series of experiments demonstrates the effectiveness of UNILANG in translating spoken-only languages, potentially contributing to the preservation of linguistic and cultural diversity. Our dataset and code will be publicly released.

Can Large Language Models Translate Spoken-Only Languages through International Phonetic Transcription?

Multimodal Large Language Models excel in high-resource settings, but often misinterpret long-tail cultural entities and underperform in low-resource languages. To address this gap, we propose a data-centric approach that grounds cultural knowledge directly into MLLMs. Leveraging Wikidata's large scale knowledge graph, we collect images that represent culturally significant entities, and generate multilingual Visual Question Answering data. The resulting dataset, CulturalGround, comprises 2.3 million high-quality, culturally-rich VQA pairs in Hindi, Tamil, Japanese, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and English. We train an open-source MLLM on CulturalGround, while interleaving standard multilingual instruction-tuning data to preserve general abilities. CulturalPangea achieves state-of-the-art performance among open models on various culture-focused benchmarks, outperforming prior systems by an average of +4.9% across these benchmarks, without degrading results on mainstream vision–language tasks. Our findings show that our targeted, culturally grounded approach could substantially narrow the cultural gap in MLLMs and offer a practical path towards globally inclusive multimodal systems.

Grounding Multilingual Multimodal LLMs With Cultural Knowledge

Recent progress in large language models (LLMs) has opened new possibilities for mental health support, yet current approaches lack realism in simulating specialized psychotherapy and fail to capture therapeutic progression over time. Narrative therapy, which helps individuals transform problematic life stories into empowering alternatives, remains underutilized due to limited access and social stigma. We address these limitations through a comprehensive framework with two core components. First, **INT** (Interactive Narrative Therapist) simulates expert narrative therapists by planning therapeutic stages, guiding reflection levels, and generating contextually appropriate responses through retrieval-augmentation. Second, **IMA** (Innovative Moment Assessment) provides a therapy-centric evaluation method that quantifies effectiveness by tracking ``Innovative Moments'' (IMs), critical narrative shifts in client speech signaling therapy progress. Experimental results on 260 simulated clients and 230 human participants reveal that **INT** consistently outperforms standard methods in therapeutic quality and depth. We further demonstrate the effectiveness of **INT** in synthesizing high-quality support conversations to facilitate social applications.

Reframe Your Life Story: Interactive Narrative Therapist and Innovative Moment Assessment with Large Language Models

This paper introduces Pairwise Difference Pearson (PDP), a novel segment-level meta-evaluation metric for Machine Translation (MT) that addresses limitations in previous Pearson's ρ-based and Kendall's τ-based meta-evaluation approaches. PDP is a correlation-based metric that utilizes pairwise differences rather than raw scores. It draws on information from all segments for a more robust understanding of score distributions and uses only pairwise differences to refine Global Pearson to intra-segment comparisons. Analysis on the WMT'24 shared task shows PDP properly ranks sentinel evaluation metrics and better aligns with human error weightings than acceq.

Don’t Sweat the Small Stuff: Segment-Level Meta-Evaluation Based on Pairwise Difference Correlation

Clarifying the research framing of NLP artefacts (e.g., models, datasets, etc.) is crucial to aligning research with practical applications. Recent studies manually analyzed NLP research across domains, showing that few papers explicitly identify key stakeholders, intended uses, or appropriate contexts. In this work, we propose to automate this analysis, developing a three-component system that infers research framings by first extracting key elements (means, ends, stakeholders), then linking them through interpretable rules and contextual reasoning. We evaluate our approach on two domains: automated fact-checking using an existing dataset, and hate speech detection for which we annotate a new dataset—achieving consistent improvements over strong LLM baselines. Finally, we apply our system to recent automated fact-checking papers and uncover three notable trends: a rise in vague or underspecified research goals, increased emphasis on scientific exploration over application, and a shift toward supporting human fact-checkers rather than pursuing full automation.

Social Good or Scientific Curiosity? Uncovering the Research Framing Behind NLP Artefacts

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) introduce a new generation paradigm of explicitly reasoning before answering, leading to remarkable improvements in complex tasks. However, they pose great safety risks against harmful queries and adversarial attacks. While recent mainstream safety efforts on LRMs, supervised fine-tuning (SFT), improve safety performance, we find that SFT-aligned models struggle to generalize to unseen jailbreak prompts. After thorough investigation, we identify a safety aha moment that can activate safety reasoning and lead to a safe response. This aha moment typically appears in the `key sentence' that follows models' query understanding process and can indicate whether the model will proceed safely. Based on these insights, we propose SafeKey, including two complementary objectives to better activate the safety aha-moment in the key sentence: (1) a Dual-Path Safety Head to enhance the safety signal in the model's internal representations before the key sentence, and (2) a Query-Mask Modeling objective to improve the models' attention on its query understanding, which has important safety hints. Experiments across multiple safety benchmarks demonstrate that our methods significantly improve safety generalization to a wide range of jailbreak attacks and out-of-distribution harmful prompts, lowering the harmfulness rate by 9.6%, while maintaining general abilities. Our analysis reveals how SafeKey enhances safety by reshaping internal attention and improving the quality of hidden representations.

SafeKey: Amplifying Aha-Moment Insights for Safety Reasoning

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse tasks, but their potential misuse for harmful purposes remains a significant concern. To strengthen defenses against such vulnerabilities, it is essential to investigate universal jailbreak attacks that exploit intrinsic weaknesses in the architecture and learning paradigms of LLMs. In response, we propose \textbf{H}armful \textbf{P}rompt \textbf{La}undering (HaPLa), a novel and broadly applicable jailbreaking technique that requires only black-box access to target models. HaPLa incorporates two primary strategies: 1) \textit{abductive framing}, which instructs LLMs to infer plausible intermediate steps toward harmful activities, rather than directly responding to explicit harmful queries; and 2) \textit{symbolic encoding}, a lightweight and flexible approach designed to obfuscate harmful content, given that current LLMs remain sensitive primarily to explicit harmful keywords. Experimental results show that HaPLa achieves over 95% attack success rate on GPT-series models and 70% across all targets. Further analysis with diverse symbolic encoding rules also reveals a fundamental challenge: it remains difficult to safely tune LLMs without significantly diminishing their helpfulness in responding to benign queries.

Harmful Prompt Laundering: Jailbreaking LLMs with Abductive Styles and Symbolic Encoding

Reinforcement learning is emerging as a primary driver for improving language model reasoning capabilities. A fundamental question is whether current reinforcement learning algorithms---such as Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), the de facto standard algorithm used to improve language model reasoning---merely sharpen the base model's distribution around problems it can already solve. We investigate this question in the context of formal theorem proving, which has access to a perfect verifier. We identify a degenerate rank bias in GRPO in which highly probable trajectories are reinforced and rare ones are neglected. This results in distribution sharpening: the model can solve some problems with fewer samples, but underperforms simply sampling more solutions from the original model. To overcome GRPO's rank bias we introduce unlikeliness reward, a simple method for explicitly up-weighting rare but correct solutions. We show that unlikeliness reward mitigates rank bias and improves pass@N across a large range of N in both synthetic and real theorem proving settings. We also uncover an unexpected link between rank bias and a seemingly mundane hyperparameter---the number of updates per batch---that leads to a second, complementary mitigation. We combine our insights into a revised GRPO training recipe for formal theorem proving, yielding an open pipeline that achieves competitive performance to DeepSeek-Prover-V1.5-RL on the miniF2F-test benchmark.

Rewarding the Unlikely: Lifting GRPO Beyond Distribution Sharpening

Linguistic feature datasets such as URIEL+ are valuable for modelling cross-lingual relationships, but their high dimensionality and sparsity, especially for low-resource languages, limit the effectiveness of distance metrics. We propose a pipeline to optimize the URIEL+ typological feature space by combining feature selection and imputation, producing compact yet interpretable typological representations. We evaluate these feature subsets on linguistic distance alignment and downstream tasks, demonstrating that reduced-size representations of language typology can yield more informative distance metrics and improve performance in multilingual NLP applications.

Less is More: The Effectiveness of Compact Typological Language Representations

Tokens are basic elements in the datasets for LLM training. It is well-known that many tokens representing Chinese phrases in the vocabulary of GPT (4o/4o-mini/o1/o3/4.5/4.1/o4-mini) are indicating contents like pornography or online gambling. Based on this observation, our goal is to locate Polluted Chinese (PoC) tokens in LLMs and study the relationship between PoC tokens' existence and training data. (1) We give a formal definition and taxonomy of PoC tokens based on the GPT's vocabulary. (2) We build a PoC token detector via fine-tuning an LLM to label PoC tokens in vocabularies by considering each token's both semantics and related contents from the search engines. (3) We study the speculation on the training data pollution via PoC tokens' appearances (token ID). Experiments on GPT and other 23 LLMs indicate that tokens widely exist while GPT's vocabulary behaves the worst: more than 23% long Chinese tokens (i.e., a token with more than two Chinese characters) are either porn or online gambling. We validate the accuracy of our speculation method on famous pre-training datasets like C4 and Pile. Then, considering GPT-4o, we speculate that the ratio of ``波多野结衣'' related webpages in GPT-4o's training data is around 0.5%.

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Can Large Language Models Translate Spoken-Only Languages through International Phonetic Transcription?

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