China

Large language models have demonstrated exceptional capabilities across diverse tasks, but their fine-tuning demands significant memory, posing challenges for resource-constrained environments. Zeroth-order (ZO) optimization provides a memory-efficient alternative by eliminating the need for backpropagation. However, ZO optimization suffers from high gradient variance, and prior research has largely focused on single-task learning, leaving its application to multi-task learning unexplored. Multi-task learning is crucial for leveraging shared knowledge across tasks to improve generalization, yet it introduces unique challenges under ZO settings, such as amplified gradient variance and collinearity. In this paper, we present MaZO, the first framework specifically designed for multi-task LLM fine-tuning under ZO optimization. MaZO tackles these challenges at the parameter level through two key innovations: a weight importance metric to identify critical parameters and a multi-task weight update mask to selectively update these parameters, reducing the dimensionality of the parameter space and mitigating task conflicts. Experiments demonstrate that MaZO achieves state-of-the-art performance, surpassing even multi-task learning methods designed for first-order optimization.

EMNLP 2025

MaZO: Masked Zeroth-Order Optimization for Multi-Task Fine-Tuning of Large Language Models

zeroth-order optimization

llms

efficiency

multi-task learning

We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

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AAAI 2026

We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

poster

## Welcome!
"I am excited to welcome you to this year’s edition of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing! Importantly, it marks the 30th edition of EMNLP. With over 8,000 submissions, more than 3,000 accepted papers, and thousands of attendees, we have come a long way from that first
workshop, which had 14 accepted papers. As the field looks ahead, Suzhou is the fitting location for celebrating this milestone: rooted in a long literary tradition, yet modern and forward-looking, and home to a large share of the NLP community." 

*Message from the General Chair, Dirk Hovy*

Celebrate 30 Years of EMNLP! 
EMNLP 2025 will be held in Suzhou, China from November 5th to November 9th, 2025.

Recent work proposed state-space models (SSMs) as an efficient alternative to transformer-based LLMs. Can these models be pruned to further reduce their computation costs? We adapt several pruning methods to the SSM structure, and apply them to four SSM-based LLMs across multiple tasks. We find that such models are quite robust to some pruning methods (e.g., WANDA), while using other methods lead to fast performance degradation.

On Pruning State-Space LLMs

Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) efficiently adapts LLMs to downstream tasks by decomposing LLMs' weight update into trainable low-rank matrices for fine-tuning. However, the random low-rank matrices may introduce massive task-irrelevant information, while their recomposed form suffer from limited representation spaces under low-rank operations. Such dense and choked adaptation in LoRA impairs the adaptation performance of LLMs on downstream tasks. To address these challenges, this paper proposes OHoRA, an orthogonal high-rank adaptation for parameter-efficient fine-tuning on LLMs. According to the information bottleneck theory, OHoRA decomposes LLMs' pre-trained weight matrices into orthogonal basis vectors via QR decomposition and splits them into two low-redundancy high-rank components to suppress task-irrelevant information. It then performs dynamic rank-elevated recomposition through Kronecker product to generate expansive task-tailored representation spaces, enabling precise LLM adaptation and enhanced generalization. OHoRA effectively operationalizes the information bottleneck theory to decompose LLMs' weight matrices into low-redundancy high-rank components and recompose them in rank-elevated manner for more task-tailored representation spaces and precise LLM adaptation. Empirical evaluation shows OHoRA’s effectiveness by outperforming LoRA and its variants and achieving comparable performance to full fine-tuning with only 0.0371% trainable parameters.

An Orthogonal High-Rank Adaptation for Large Language Models

The high costs of customizing large language models (LLMs) fundamentally limit their adaptability to user-specific needs. Consequently, LLMs are increasingly offered as cloud-based services, a paradigm that introduces critical limitations: providers struggle to support personalized customization at scale, while users face privacy risks when exposing sensitive data. To address this dual challenge, we propose Customized Black-box Prompt Tuning (CBP-Tuning), a novel framework that facilitates efficient local customization while preserving bidirectional privacy. Specifically, we design a two-stage framework: (1) a prompt generator trained on the server-side to capture domain-specific and task-agnostic capabilities, and (2) user-side gradient-free optimization that tailors soft prompts for individual tasks. This approach eliminates the need for users to access model weights or upload private data, requiring only a single customized vector per task while achieving effective adaptation. Furthermore, the evaluation of CBP-Tuning in the commonsense reasoning, medical and financial domain settings demonstrates superior performance compared to baselines, showcasing its advantages in task-agnostic processing and privacy preservation.

CBP-Tuning: Efficient Local Customization for Black-box Large Language Models

We propose Paired by the Teacher (PbT), a two-stage teacher–student pipeline for synthesizing accurate input–output pairs without any human labeling or existing parallel data. In many low-resource natural language generation (NLG) scenarios, practitioners may have only raw outputs, like recaps, highlights, or questions, or only raw inputs, such as dialogues, articles, or paragraphs, but seldom both sides of the parallel data, unless we perform human labeling. This mismatch forces small models to learn from very few examples or rely on costly, broad-scope synthetic examples produced by large LLMs. In PbT, a teacher LLM first transforms each unpaired example into a concise intermediate representation (IR), and a student model learns to invert this transformation to reconstruct the original input from the IR. This enables us to pair each output with its generated input, creating high-quality paired data. We evaluate PbT on five benchmarks—dialogue summarization (SAMSum, DialogSum), document summarization (XSum, CNNDM), and question generation (SQuAD)—and an unpaired setting on SwitchBoard (paired with DialogSum summaries). An 8B student trained only on PbT data outperforms models trained on 70 B teacher-generated corpora and other unsupervised baselines, closing the gap to human-annotated pairs to within 2 ROUGE points. Human evaluation on SwitchBoard further confirms that only PbT meets target summary lengths with concise, faithful outputs, while all baselines remain overly verbose.

Paired by the Teacher: Turning Unpaired Data into High-Fidelity Pairs for Low-Resource Text Generation

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated a remarkable understanding of language nuances through instruction tuning, enabling them to effectively tackle various natural language processing tasks. Recent research has focused on the quality of instruction data rather than the quantity of instructions. However, existing high-quality instruction selection methods rely on external models or rules, overlooking the intrinsic association between pre-trained model and instruction data, making it difficult to select data that align with the preferences of pre-trained model. To address this challenge, we propose a strategy that utilizes noise injection to identify the quality of instruction data, without relying on external model. We also implement the strategy of combining inter-class diversity and intra-class diversity to improve model performance. The experimental results demonstrate that our method significantly outperforms the model trained on the entire dataset and established baselines. Our study provides a new perspective on noise injection in the field of instruction tuning, and also illustrates that the pre-trained model itself should be considered in defining high-quality. Additionally, we publish our selected high-quality instruction data.

Priority on High-Quality: Selecting Instruction Data via Consistency Verification of Noise Injection

The deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) faces significant challenges due to high computational costs, driving the demand for effective pruning techniques. Existing structured pruning methods employ uniform compression rates across network layers, neglecting the varying importance of different network depths. To address this limitation, we propose a novel optimization framework that directly minimizes global capability loss through layer-adaptive pruning rates. The framework formulates the pruning task as a combinatorial optimization problem constrained by a total parameter budget, and an efficient dynamic programming solution is derived to determine optimal layer-wise compression rates. Experiments demonstrate that, when tuning is not included, our approach achieves comparable performance with state-of-the-art methods at high pruning rates (37 - 50% reduction), and shows significant advantages at low pruning rates (25% reduction). When tuning is included, our method achieves the best performance among the compared methods.

GAP: a Global Adaptive Pruning Method for Large Language Models

Bronze inscriptions from early China are often fragmentary, with missing or undeciphered characters limiting linguistic and historical analysis. Addressing this challenge requires models that can generalize across orthographic variation and diachronic script change. This paper introduces three contributions to support computational processing of bronze inscriptions: (i) a fully digitized and Unicode-encoded corpus of over 40,000 inscriptional characters; (ii) a glyph network linking diachronic variants to shared semantic anchors; and (iii) a masked language modeling (MLM) framework with variant-aware augmentation, alongside a periodization classification task. Experiments show that domain-adaptive pretraining and glyph-aware modeling substantially improve restoration accuracy.

BIRD: Bronze Inscription Restoration and Dating

Rapid advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have spurred demand for processing extended context sequences in contemporary applications. However, this progress faces two challenges: performance degradation due to sequence lengths out-of-distribution, and excessively long inference times caused by the quadratic computational complexity of attention. These issues limit LLMs in long-context scenarios. In this paper, we propose Dynamic Token-Level KV Cache Selection (*TokenSelect*), a training-free method for efficient and accurate long-context inference. *TokenSelect* builds upon the observation of non-contiguous attention sparsity, using QK dot products to measure per-head KV Cache criticality at token-level. By per-head soft voting mechanism, *TokenSelect* selectively involves a few critical KV cache tokens in attention calculation without sacrificing accuracy. To further accelerate *TokenSelect*, we design the Selection Cache based on observations of consecutive Query similarity and implemented the efficient Paged Dot Product Kernel, significantly reducing the selection overhead. A comprehensive evaluation of *TokenSelect* demonstrates up to 23.84times speedup in attention computation and up to 2.28times acceleration in end-to-end latency, while providing superior performance compared to state-of-the-art long-context inference methods.

TokenSelect: Efficient Long-Context Inference and Length Extrapolation for LLMs via Dynamic Token-Level KV Cache Selection

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed with task-specific adapters catering to multiple downstream applications. In such a scenario, the additional compute associated with these apparently insignificant number of adapter parameters (typically less than 1% of the base model) turns out to be disproportionately significant during inference time (up to 2.5x times that of the base model). In this paper, we propose a new zero-latency fused low-rank adapter (zFLoRA) that introduces zero or negligible latency overhead on top of the base model. Experimental results on LLMs of size 1B, 3B and 7B show that zFLoRA compares favorably against the popular supervised fine-tuning benchmarks including low-rank adapters (LoRA) as well as full fine-tuning (FFT). Experiments are conducted on 18 different tasks across three different categories namely commonsense reasoning, math reasoning and summary-dialogue. Latency measurements made on NPU (Samsung Galaxy S25+) as well as GPU (NVIDIA H100) platforms show that the proposed zFLoRA adapters introduce zero to negligible latency overhead.

zFLoRA: Zero-Latency Fused Low-Rank Adapters

Efficient Key-Value (KV) cache management is essential for processing long text sequences in large language models (LLMs), where memory constraints often limit performance. Conventional KV eviction strategies, such as top-k selection based on attention scores, depend on static heuristics that fail to capture the evolving implicit dependencies among tokens during inference. To overcome this, we propose GraphKV, a graph-based framework that redefines token selection for KV cache compression. In GraphKV, textbftokens are modeled as textbfnodes with importance scores, and textbfedges represent their textbfsimilarity relationships. Through a decay-signal-propagation mechanism, token importance is dynamically updated by propagating information across the graph, enabling adaptive retention of the most contextually significant tokens. GraphKV can be seamlessly utilized in existing KV cache eviction methods such as SnapKV and PyramidKV in a plug-and-play manner. Codes are available in the supplementary materials and will be released on Github.

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Next from EMNLP 2025

On Pruning State-Space LLMs

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