China

Code-mixed text—where multiple languages are used within the same utterance—is increasingly common in both spoken and written communication. However, it presents significant challenges for machine learning models due to the interplay of distinct grammatical structures, effectively forming a hybrid language. While fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-3, or Llama-3 on code-mixed data has led to performance improvements, these models still lag behind their monolingual counterparts and incur high computational costs due to the large number of trainable parameters. In this paper, we focus on the task of sentiment detection in code-mixed text and propose a Hybrid Language Model (HLM) that combines a multilingual encoder (e.g., mBERT) with a lightweight decoder (e.g., Sarvam-1) (&lt; 3B parameters). Despite having significantly fewer trainable parameters, HLM achieves sentiment classification performance comparable to that of fine-tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) (&gt;7B) parameters). Furthermore, our results demonstrate that HLM significantly outperforms models trained individually, underscoring its effectiveness for low-resource, code-mixed sentiment analysis.

EMNLP 2025

Power doesn&#39;t reside in size: A Low Parameter Hybrid Language Model (HLM) for Sentiment Analysis in Code-mixed data

Code-mixed text—where multiple languages are used within the same utterance—is increasingly common in both spoken and written communication. However, it presents significant challenges for machine learning models due to the interplay of distinct grammatical structures, effectively forming a hybrid language. While fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-3, or Llama-3 on code-mixed data has led to performance improvements, these models still lag behind their monolingual counterparts and incur high computational costs due to the large number of trainable parameters. In this paper, we focus on the task of sentiment detection in code-mixed text and propose a Hybrid Language Model (HLM) that combines a multilingual encoder (e.g., mBERT) with a lightweight decoder (e.g., Sarvam-1) (< 3B parameters). Despite having significantly fewer trainable parameters, HLM achieves sentiment classification performance comparable to that of fine-tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) (>7B) parameters). Furthermore, our results demonstrate that HLM significantly outperforms models trained individually, underscoring its effectiveness for low-resource, code-mixed sentiment analysis.

Power doesn't reside in size: A Low Parameter Hybrid Language Model (HLM) for Sentiment Analysis in Code-mixed data

poster

## Welcome!
"I am excited to welcome you to this year’s edition of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing! Importantly, it marks the 30th edition of EMNLP. With over 8,000 submissions, more than 3,000 accepted papers, and thousands of attendees, we have come a long way from that first
workshop, which had 14 accepted papers. As the field looks ahead, Suzhou is the fitting location for celebrating this milestone: rooted in a long literary tradition, yet modern and forward-looking, and home to a large share of the NLP community."<br>

*Message from the General Chair, Dirk Hovy*

[**Link to Conference Handbook**](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1johU5QqVVYO4RfH7QcIORr7qrVBdzdwC/view?usp=sharing)





<br>

Celebrate 30 Years of EMNLP! 
EMNLP 2025 will be held in Suzhou, China from November 5th to November 9th, 2025.

Large Language Models (LLMs), despite their remarkable capabilities, are hampered by hallucinations. A particularly challenging variant, knowledge overshadowing, occurs when one piece of activated knowledge inadvertently masks another relevant piece, leading to erroneous outputs even with high-quality training data. Current understanding of overshadowing is largely confined to inference-time observations, lacking deep insights into its origins and internal mechanisms during model training. Therefore, we introduce **PhantomCircuit, a novel framework designed to comprehensively analyze and detect knowledge overshadowing.** By innovatively employing knowledge circuit analysis, PhantomCircuit dissects the internal workings of attention heads, tracing how competing knowledge pathways contribute to the overshadowing phenomenon and its evolution throughout the training process. Extensive experiments demonstrate PhantomCircuit’s effectiveness in identifying such instances, offering novel insights into this elusive hallucination and providing the research community with a new methodological lens for its potential mitigation.

Pierce the Mists, Greet the Sky: Decipher Knowledge Overshadowing via Knowledge Circuit Analysis

Methods for learning taxonomies from data have been widely studied. We study a specific version of this task, called commonality identification, where only the set of entities is given and we need to find meaningful ways to group those entities. While LLMs should intuitively excel at this task, it is difficult to directly use such models in large domains. In this paper, we instead use LLMs to describe the different properties that are satisfied by each of the entities individually. We then use pre-trained embeddings to cluster these properties, and finally group entities that have properties which belong to the same cluster. To achieve good results, it is paramount that the properties predicted by the LLM are sufficiently diverse. We find that this diversity can be improved by prompting the LLM to structure the predicted properties into different facets of knowledge.

Grouping Entities with Shared Properties using Multi-Facet Prompting and Property Embeddings

While Knowledge Editing has been extensively studied in monolingual settings, it remains underexplored in multilingual contexts. This survey systematizes recent research on Multilingual Knowledge Editing (MKE), a growing subdomain of model editing focused on ensuring factual edits generalize reliably across languages. We present a comprehensive taxonomy of MKE methods, covering parameter-based, memory-based, fine-tuning, and hypernetwork approaches. We survey available benchmarks, summarize key findings on method effectiveness and transfer patterns, identify challenges in cross-lingual propagation, and highlight open problems related to language anisotropy, evaluation coverage, and edit scalability. Our analysis consolidates a rapidly evolving area and lays the groundwork for future progress in editable language-aware LLMs.

Editing Across Languages: A Survey of Multilingual Knowledge Editing

We investigate how Large Language Models (LLMs) distinguish between memorization and generalization at the neuron level. Through carefully designed tasks, we identify distinct neuron subsets responsible for each behavior. Experiments on both a GPT-2 model trained from scratch and a pretrained LLaMA-3.2 model fine-tuned with LoRA show consistent neuron-level specialization. We further demonstrate that inference-time interventions on these neurons can steer the model's behavior toward memorization or generalization. To assess robustness, we evaluate intra-task and inter-task consistency, confirming that these neuron-behavior associations reflect generalizable patterns rather than dataset-specific artifacts. Our findings reveal modular structure in LLMs and enable controlling memorization and generalization behaviors at inference time.

Neuron-Level Differentiation of Memorization and Generalization in Large Language Models

Despite the impressive chain-of-thought(CoT) reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs), its underlying mechanisms remains unclear. In this paper, we explore the inner workings of LLM's CoT ability via the lens of neurons in the feed-forward layers. We propose an efficient method to identify reasoning-critical neurons by analyzing their activation patterns under reasoning chains of varying quality. Based on it, we devise a rather simple intervention method that directly stimulates these reasoning-critical neurons, to guide the generation of high-quality reasoning chains. Extended experiments validate the effectiveness of our method and demonstrate the critical role these identified neurons play in CoT reasoning. Our code and data will be publicly available.

Enhancing Chain-of-Thought Reasoning via Neuron Activation Differential Analysis

Large language models (LLMs) struggle with compositional generalisation, limiting their ability to systematically combine learned components to interpret novel inputs. While architectural modifications, fine-tuning, and data augmentation improve compositionality, they often have limited adaptability, face scalability constraints, or yield diminishing returns on real data. To address this, we propose CARMA, an intervention that enhances the stability and robustness of compositional reasoning in LLMs while preserving fine-tuned performance. CARMA employs mutual information regularisation and layer-wise stability constraints to mitigate feature fragmentation, ensuring structured representations persist across and within layers. We evaluate CARMA on inverse dictionary modelling and sentiment classification, measuring its impact on semantic consistency, performance stability, and robustness to lexical perturbations. Results show that CARMA reduces the variability introduced by fine-tuning, stabilises token representations, and improves compositional reasoning. While its effectiveness varies across architectures, CARMA's key strength lies in reinforcing learned structures rather than introducing new capabilities, making it a scalable auxiliary method. These findings suggest that integrating CARMA with fine-tuning can improve compositional generalisation while maintaining task-specific performance in LLMs.

CARMA: Enhanced Compositionality in LLMs via Advanced Regularisation and Mutual Information Alignment

Large Language Models (LLMs) with safe-alignment training are powerful instruments with robust language comprehension capability. Typically LLMs undergo careful alignment training involving human feedback to ensure the acceptance of safe inputs while rejection of harmful or unsafe ones. However, these humongous models are still vulnerable to jailbreak attacks, in which malicious users attempt to generate harmful outputs that safety-aligned LLMs are trained to avoid. In this study, we find that the safety mechanisms in LLMs are predominantly prevalent in the middle-to-late layers. Based on this observation, we introduce a novel white-box jailbreak method SABER (Safety Alignment Bypass via Extra Residuals) that connects two intermediate layer s and e such that s<e with a residual connection, achieving an improvement of 51% over the best performing baseline GCG on HarmBench test set. Moreover, model demonstrates only a marginal shift in perplexity when evaluated on the validation set of HarmBench.

SABER: Uncovering Vulnerabilities in Safety Alignment via Cross-Layer Residual Connection

Improvements in language model capabilities are often attributed to increasing model size or training data, but in some cases smaller models trained on curated data or with different architectural decisions can outperform larger ones trained on more tokens. What accounts for this? To quantify the impact of these design choices, we meta-analyze 92 open-source pretrained models across a wide array of scales, including state-of-the-art open-weights models as well as less performant models and those with less conventional design decisions. We find that by incorporating features besides model size and number of training tokens, we can achieve a relative 3-28% increase in ability to predict downstream performance compared with using scale alone. Analysis of model design decisions reveal insights into data composition, such as the trade-off between language and code tasks at 15-25% code, as well as the negative impact of web data on truthfulness. Broadly, our framework lays a foundation for more systematic investigation of how model development choices shape final capabilities.

Not-Just-Scaling Laws: Towards a Better Understanding of the Downstream Impact of Language Model Design Decisions

While large language models (LLMs) achieve strong performance on text-to-SQL parsing, they sometimes exhibit unexpected failures in which they are confidently incorrect. Building trustworthy text-to-SQL systems thus requires eliciting reliable uncertainty measures from the LLM. In this paper, we study the problem of providing a calibrated confidence score that conveys the likelihood of an output query being correct. Our work is the first to establish a benchmark for post-hoc calibration of LLM-based text-to-SQL parsing. In particular, we show that Platt scaling, a canonical method for calibration, provides substantial improvements over directly using raw model output probabilities as confidence scores. Furthermore, we propose a method for text-to-SQL calibration that leverages the structured nature of SQL queries to provide more granular signals of correctness, named "sub-clause frequency" (SCF) scores. Using multivariate Platt scaling (MPS), our extension of the canonical Platt scaling technique, we combine individual SCF scores into an overall accurate and calibrated score. Empirical evaluation on two popular text-to-SQL datasets shows that our approach of combining MPS and SCF yields further improvements in calibration and the related task of error detection over traditional Platt scaling.

Calibrating LLMs for Text-to-SQL Parsing by Leveraging Sub-clause Frequencies

Large language model editing methods frequently suffer from overfitting, wherein factual updates can propagate beyond their intended scope, overemphasizing the edited target even when it’s contextually inappropriate. To address this challenge, we introduce REACT (Representation Extraction And Controllable Tuning), a unified two-phase framework designed for precise and controllable knowledge editing. In the initial phase, we utilize tailored stimuli to extract latent factual representations and apply Principal Component Analysis with a simple learnbale linear transformation to compute a directional “belief shift” vector for each instance. In the second phase, we apply controllable perturbations to hidden states using the obtained vector with a magnitude scalar, gated by a pre-trained classifier that permits edits only when contextually necessary. Relevant experiments on EVOKE benchmarks demonstrate that REACT significantly reduces overfitting across nearly all evaluation metrics, and experiments on COUNTERFACT and MQuAKE shows that our method preserves balanced basic editing performance (reliability, locality, and generality) under diverse editing scenarios.

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Pierce the Mists, Greet the Sky: Decipher Knowledge Overshadowing via Knowledge Circuit Analysis

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