United States

&lt;p&gt;Marcus Tolentino Silva,&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;ís Freire Galvão&lt;sup&gt;2,3&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;Objective&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Peer review is the core of scientific publication, and mentoring seems to enhance the quality of reviews.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; We aimed to assess the effect of peer review training on reviewers’ preparedness to evaluate manuscripts.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;Design&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt; This study was designed to improve peer review quality for a diamond open access journal, &lt;i&gt;Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde: revista do SUS&lt;/i&gt; (RESS). The intervention consisted of a 16-hour, in-person, 2-day workshop.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; A checklist consisting of 31 critical, important, or desirable items for the preparation of peer review opinions was developed, and its use was encouraged to guide reports.&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; The courses took place in June (including associated editors and reviewers), September, and October 2024 in 3 Brazilian cities and consisted of practical sections of peer review, preceded by an explanation of the checklist and peer review process. Instructors were available for students’ questions, and discussions about bias in scientific communication were stimulated. Before starting, participants were invited to answer an anonymized questionnaire to assess their reviewing skills by means of a 5-point Likert scale (1: poor, 5: excellent), and another survey was sent electronically in January 2025 to assess checklist usefulness and the mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of pre- and post-event confidence as a peer reviewer. We described participants’ characteristics and summarized means and standard deviations (SDs), and tested differences in distribution using Fisher exact, analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis, or &lt;i&gt;t&lt;/i&gt; tests. All analyses were performed in Stata v.14.2. The project was approved as an extension activity of the University of Brasília, where all participants registered themselves.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;Results&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt; In total, 96 participants were trained; 51 (76.1%) were women and 38 (56.7%) had a doctoral degree, which was more frequent in first-edition participants (26 [70.3%]; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .02). For 67 initial survey respondents, the mean (SD) familiarity with article submission was 4.1 (1.1) and with peer review, 3.5 (1.4). Mean (SD) confidence as a peer reviewer was 3.5 (1.3). The January 2025 survey had 43 respondents, who reported having issued a mean (SD) of 7.6 (25.9) peer reviews since the workshops. Confidence as a peer reviewer significantly increased (MD, 0.5 [95% CI, 0.1 to 1.0]; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .01); 86.1% (n = 37) reported using the checklist to issue peer reviews and gave it a mean (SD) rating of 4.6 (0.9). Results are summarized in &lt;b&gt;Table 25-0888&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

![](https://assets.underline.io/markdown_image/1/image/5f919a3984b0324269f4a1b78828f355.png)

&lt;h4&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Peer review practical training sections and a checklist with suggested items improved peer reviewers’ confidence in evaluating manuscripts. Taking into account the costs and sustainability issues involved, this strategy may be viable to improve peer reviews.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;References&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt;1. Lyons-Warren AM, Aamodt WW, Pieper KM, Strowd RE. &lt;br /&gt;A structured, journal-led peer-review mentoring program enhances peer review training. &lt;i&gt;Res Integr Peer Rev&lt;/i&gt;. 2024;9(1):3. doi:10.1186/s41073-024-00143-x&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;2. Silva MT, Galv&lt;span lang=&quot;ar-SA&quot;&gt;ã&lt;/span&gt;o TF. Systematization of peer review in Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde. &lt;i&gt;Epidemiol Serv Saude&lt;/i&gt;. 2024;33:e20241001. doi:10.1590/S2237-96222024v33e20241001.en&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;3. Silva MT, Galv&lt;span lang=&quot;ar-SA&quot;&gt;ã&lt;/span&gt;o TF. Revisão por pares: itens recomendados na elaboração de pareceres [Peer review: recommended items for preparing opinions]. June 19, 2024. Accessed May 24, 2025. &lt;a href=&quot;https://osf.io/grn2a/&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Hyperlink CharOverride-6&quot;&gt;https://osf.io/grn2a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;abstract_conflict&quot; lang=&quot;fr-FR&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharOverride-3&quot; lang=&quot;pt-PT&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;pt-PT&quot;&gt;Faculdade d&lt;/span&gt;e Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; &lt;span class=&quot;CharOverride-3&quot; lang=&quot;pt-PT&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas&lt;span lang=&quot;pt-PT&quot;&gt;, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;mailto:taisgalvao@gmail.com&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Hyperlink CharOverride-6&quot; lang=&quot;pt-PT&quot;&gt;taisgalvao@gmail.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;pt-PT&quot;&gt;; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;CharOverride-3&quot; lang=&quot;pt-PT&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;pt-PT&quot;&gt;Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente, Ministério da Saúde&lt;/span&gt;, Brasília, Brazil.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;Conflict of Interest Disclosures &lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Taís Freire Galv&lt;span lang=&quot;ar-SA&quot;&gt;ã&lt;/span&gt;o reports being an executive editor of Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde: revista do SUS (RESS). Taís Freire Galvão is a member of the Peer Review Congress Advisory Board but was not involved in the review or decision for this abstract. No other disclosures were reported.&lt;/p&gt;


The 10th Peer Review Congress

[V] In-Person Peer Review Training to Improve Preparedness to Evaluate Manuscripts

education/training

editorial and peer review process

peer review

<p>Marcus Tolentino Silva,<sup>1</sup>ís Freire Galvão<sup>2,3</sup> </p>
<h4>Objective</h4>
<p> Peer review is the core of scientific publication, and mentoring seems to enhance the quality of reviews.<sup>1</sup> We aimed to assess the effect of peer review training on reviewers’ preparedness to evaluate manuscripts.</p>
<h4>Design</h4>
<p> This study was designed to improve peer review quality for a diamond open access journal, <i>Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde: revista do SUS</i> (RESS). The intervention consisted of a 16-hour, in-person, 2-day workshop.<sup>2</sup> A checklist consisting of 31 critical, important, or desirable items for the preparation of peer review opinions was developed, and its use was encouraged to guide reports.<sup>3</sup> The courses took place in June (including associated editors and reviewers), September, and October 2024 in 3 Brazilian cities and consisted of practical sections of peer review, preceded by an explanation of the checklist and peer review process. Instructors were available for students’ questions, and discussions about bias in scientific communication were stimulated. Before starting, participants were invited to answer an anonymized questionnaire to assess their reviewing skills by means of a 5-point Likert scale (1: poor, 5: excellent), and another survey was sent electronically in January 2025 to assess checklist usefulness and the mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of pre- and post-event confidence as a peer reviewer. We described participants’ characteristics and summarized means and standard deviations (SDs), and tested differences in distribution using Fisher exact, analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis, or <i>t</i> tests. All analyses were performed in Stata v.14.2. The project was approved as an extension activity of the University of Brasília, where all participants registered themselves.</p>
<h4>Results</h4>
<p> In total, 96 participants were trained; 51 (76.1%) were women and 38 (56.7%) had a doctoral degree, which was more frequent in first-edition participants (26 [70.3%]; <i>P</i> = .02). For 67 initial survey respondents, the mean (SD) familiarity with article submission was 4.1 (1.1) and with peer review, 3.5 (1.4). Mean (SD) confidence as a peer reviewer was 3.5 (1.3). The January 2025 survey had 43 respondents, who reported having issued a mean (SD) of 7.6 (25.9) peer reviews since the workshops. Confidence as a peer reviewer significantly increased (MD, 0.5 [95% CI, 0.1 to 1.0]; <i>P</i> = .01); 86.1% (n = 37) reported using the checklist to issue peer reviews and gave it a mean (SD) rating of 4.6 (0.9). Results are summarized in <b>Table 25-0888</b>.</p>

![](https://assets.underline.io/markdown_image/1/image/5f919a3984b0324269f4a1b78828f355.png)

<h4>Conclusions</h4>
<p> Peer review practical training sections and a checklist with suggested items improved peer reviewers’ confidence in evaluating manuscripts. Taking into account the costs and sustainability issues involved, this strategy may be viable to improve peer reviews.</p>
<h4>References</h4>
<p>1. Lyons-Warren AM, Aamodt WW, Pieper KM, Strowd RE. <br />A structured, journal-led peer-review mentoring program enhances peer review training. <i>Res Integr Peer Rev</i>. 2024;9(1):3. doi:10.1186/s41073-024-00143-x</p>
<p>2. Silva MT, Galv<span lang="ar-SA">ã</span>o TF. Systematization of peer review in Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde. <i>Epidemiol Serv Saude</i>. 2024;33:e20241001. doi:10.1590/S2237-96222024v33e20241001.en</p>
<p>3. Silva MT, Galv<span lang="ar-SA">ã</span>o TF. Revisão por pares: itens recomendados na elaboração de pareceres [Peer review: recommended items for preparing opinions]. June 19, 2024. Accessed May 24, 2025. <a href="https://osf.io/grn2a/"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-6">https://osf.io/grn2a</span></a></p>
<p class="abstract_conflict" lang="fr-FR"><span class="CharOverride-3" lang="pt-PT"><sup>1</sup></span><span lang="pt-PT">Faculdade d</span>e Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; <span class="CharOverride-3" lang="pt-PT"><sup>2</sup></span>Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas<span lang="pt-PT">, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, </span><a href="mailto:taisgalvao@gmail.com"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-6" lang="pt-PT">taisgalvao@gmail.com</span></a><span lang="pt-PT">; </span><span class="CharOverride-3" lang="pt-PT"><sup>3</sup></span><span lang="pt-PT">Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente, Ministério da Saúde</span>, Brasília, Brazil.</p>
<h4>Conflict of Interest Disclosures </h4>
<p>Taís Freire Galv<span lang="ar-SA">ã</span>o reports being an executive editor of Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde: revista do SUS (RESS). Taís Freire Galvão is a member of the Peer Review Congress Advisory Board but was not involved in the review or decision for this abstract. No other disclosures were reported.</p>


poster

The Tenth Peer Review Congress featured 3 days for presentations of new research into peer review and all aspects of scientific publication, bias, quality of reporting, and information access and dissemination.

This year’s meeting was hybrid, and all plenary sessions were livestreamed with opportunities to view presentations and engage with participants in person and virtually during and after the meeting. All recordings are now available on Underline for viewing.

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#### Why? 
Our aim is to encourage research into the quality and credibility of peer review and scientific publication, to establish the evidence base on which scientists can improve the conduct, reporting, and dissemination of scientific research.

#### Who? 
Participants include editors and publishers of scientific peer-reviewed journals, researchers, funders, bibliometric and informatics experts, information innovators, librarians, journalists, policymakers, ethicists, scientific information disseminators, and anyone interested in the progress of the scientific information enterprise and the quality of scientific evidence.

The Congress embraces a wide range of disciplines, including biomedicine, health and life sciences, applied sciences, basic sciences, physical and chemical sciences, mathematics, computer sciences, engineering, economics, and social sciences as well as new and emerging disciplines.

#### What? 
The Congress provides a forum for the presentation and discussion of new research into the quality and credibility of editorial and funding peer review, scientific and scholarly publication, research methods and reporting practices, identification and management of biases, transparency, reproducibility, access, publication and dissemination metrics, identification and management of threats to the integrity of science, and advances in information exchange.

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The Tenth Peer Review Congress features 3 days for presentations of new research into peer review and all aspects of scientific publication, bias, quality of reporting, and information access and dissemination.

<p>Susan Galandiuk,<sup>1</sup> Vaitheesh Jaganathan,<sup>2</sup> Hillary Simon<sup>1</sup></p>
<h4>Objective</h4>
<p> Despite advances in electronic manuscript submission systems, the editorial peer review process for medical journals has had few fundamental changes aside from promptness of review. In 2018, the editor of a society-owned journal created the <i>Reviewer’s Guild</i>, a mentored 1-year peer-review training program designed for surgical trainees, fellows in specialty training, and young academic faculty. The goal of the program was to attract the brightest individuals in the field, elevate the quality of peer review, and create a feeling of loyalty toward the journal. The program consists of a formal curriculum followed by 5 mentored reviews of full-length manuscripts. Reviews are graded by both mentors and assigned editors. Competitive program admission is by board member nomination and is limited to 45 individuals per year. From 2019 to 2025, 182 graduates completed the program. <i>Reviewer’s Guild</i> members are primarily (83%) from the United States, but 10 other countries are represented. Surveys of each year’s class are used for program improvement. Based on feedback, improvements included increased opportunities to learn statistical skills, networking, and leadership roles. The objective of this study was to report a separate 5-year survey to assess overall participant satisfaction with the program and career impact, particularly with respect to publishing, networking, and career opportunities.</p>
<h4>Design</h4>
<p> This cohort study sought to evaluate the impact of a mentored peer review program. The STROBE<sup>1</sup> reporting guideline was followed. An anonymous online questionnaire regarding the program was developed and emailed to graduates. The summative survey evaluated nomination pathway, mentor participation, leadership, and networking opportunities resulting from program participation as well as publication output.</p>
<h4>Results</h4>
<p> Ninety-six of the 182 graduates (52.8%) responded. Key survey responses are shown in <b>Table 25-0960</b>. Nearly all respondents reported enhanced understanding of the editorial process. Eighty-eight respondents (91.7%) had a generally positive experience and believed that the program improved the quality of their own publications and interpretation of others’ work. Seventeen respondents (17.7%) said they had improved understanding of statistical principles. Thirty-seven respondents (38.5%) published 5 or more manuscripts since graduating from the <i>Reviewer’s Guild</i>, 64 (66.7%) became involved with other journals (as ad hoc reviewers or editorial board members), and 16 (16.7%) of the highest performers received <i>Reviewer’s Guild</i> board or full editorial board appointments to the journal.</p>

![](https://assets.underline.io/markdown_image/1/image/ca2261e69c75f1d4ca1aa35e187cef59.png)

<h4>Conclusions</h4>
<p> The <i>Reviewer’s Guild</i> learning model appears to improve early career faculty and trainee peer review skills and leadership opportunities. While there are no comparisons with individuals who did not do the training, mentors saw improvement in review quality over the course of the program. In addition, graduates become loyal reviewers for the journal following graduation and are tracked as program graduates. As participants were surgeons, results may not be generalizable to other specialties. Such programs allow participants to become more involved in the editorial process and may potentially lead to journal leadership and career opportunities.<sup>2,3</sup></p>
<h4>References</h4>
<p>1. von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP; STROBE Initiative. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. <i>BMJ</i>. 2007;335(7624):806-808. doi:10.1136/bmj.39335.541782.AD</p>
<p>2. Isaacson RA, Bay SN, McCarty MM. Supporting the next generation of researchers: GENETICS peer review training program. <i>Sci Ed</i>. 2020;43:77. doi:10.36591/SE-D-4303-77</p>
<p>3. Lyons-Warren AM, Aamodt WW, Strowd R, Pieper KM, Merino JG. Assessment of a structured and mentored peer review curriculum on quality of peer review. Abstract presented at: Ninth International Congress on Peer Review and Scientific Publication; September 8-10, 2022; Chicago, IL. Accessed July 1, 2025. <a href="https://peerreviewcongress.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Program2022.pdf"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-6">https://peerreviewcongress.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Program2022.pdf</span></a></p>
<sup>1</sup>Division of Colon &amp; Rectal Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, US, s0gala01@louisville.edu; <sup>2</sup>Price Institute for Surgical Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, US.</p>
<h4>Conflict of Interest Disclosure</h4>
<p> Susan Galandiuk receives a stipend for services as editor of the journal Diseases of the Colon &amp; Rectum from the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons.</p>


[V] Quality of an Educational Program to Empower Early Career Faculty and Trainees Through Mentored Training in Peer Review

<p>Chien Chou<sup>1</sup></p>
<h4>Objective </h4>
<p>This study surveyed how frequently Taiwanese researchers identify errors in others’ journal articles and their own, as well as how they address these errors.</p>
<h4>Design </h4>
<p>This cross-sectional study used a self-designed questionnaire from June to December 2023, categorizing errors into 7 dimensions: research design (6 items), data and information (8 items), writing and citation (12 items), authorship (2 items), conflicts of interest (2 items), journal publication (3 items), and others (1 item), totaling 34 items. <br />A 4-point Likert scale (often, occasionally, seldom, and never, ranging from 4 to 1) was used. The error-addressing methods were presented as questions, allowing multiple answers. Using snowball sampling, this study collected 593 valid responses from Taiwanese professors and researchers (312; 52.61%) as well as from PhD students with publication experience (281; 47.39%). Ethics approval was obtained from the National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University institutional review board before data collection. Content validity of the survey was confirmed by experts.</p>
<h4>Results </h4>
<p>The participants reported a higher frequency of identifying errors in others’ articles than those in their own (<i>t</i> = 17.88; 95% CI, 0.35-0.43; Cohen <i>d</i> = 0.67; <i>P</i> &lt; .001). Regarding identifying others’ errors, 22 items had a mean frequency above the theoretical mean of 2.5, in the categories of occasionally and seldom. The item with the highest frequency was spelling errors/omissions, followed by errors in the understanding or application of theory. For identifying one’s own errors, only the item spelling errors/omissions reached the theoretical mean of 2.5. The other 33 items, such as misunderstanding of previous research and errors in understanding theory application, ranged from 2.34 to 1.92, corresponding to seldom and never. In terms of addressing errors (multiple responses allowed; see <b>Table 25-0868</b>), 478 participants (80.6%) indicated that if they identify others’ errors, they would use them “as lessons to avoid making the same mistakes in the future,” 315 (53.1%) would take the errors “as examples to warn others,” and 179 (30.2%) would “just observe the errors and take no action.” As for addressing their own errors, 253 participants (42.7%) would “submit a proposed correction notice to the journal,” 232 (39.1%) would “take no action to correct the errors and use them as lessons,” 166 (28.0%) would take no action and use the errors “as examples to warn others.”</p>

![](https://assets.underline.io/markdown_image/1/image/89355b23266139edd8922606c3119dbb.png)

<h4>Conclusions </h4>
<p>Taiwanese researchers tend to identify errors more frequently in others’ work, viewing their own errors as cautionary examples for themselves rather than warnings for others. While correcting errors is a positive step, the tendency to be observant of others’ errors and more reflective to correct their own suggest that Taiwanese researchers tend to take errors more personally. The finding highlights the Committee on Publication Ethics principles of transparency and underscores the significance of upholding research integrity.</p>
<sup>1</sup>Institute of Education, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, cchou@nycu.edu.tw.</p>
<h4>Conflict of Interest Disclosures</h4>
<p> None reported.</p>
<h4>Funding/Support</h4>
<p> This work was supported by the National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan (MOST110-2511-H-A49-008-MY4 and NSTC113-2750-V-A49-001-MY2).</p>
<h4>Role of the Funder/Sponsor</h4>
<p> The funder provided financial support only and had no role in the preparation of the abstract proposal.</p>


[V] Taiwanese Researchers' Perceptions of Errors and Their Coping Strategies

<p>Max Carlos Ramírez-Soto,<sup>1</sup> Laura Alvarado-Barbarán,<sup>1</sup> Dianeth Rojas-Naccha,<sup>1</sup> Ayda Luna-Mercado,<sup>1</sup> Arlet Arce-Zavala<sup>1</sup></p>
<h4>Objective</h4>
<p> Peer review plays a central role in selecting research proposals to obtain grants from science, technology, and innovation (STI) agencies.<sup>1</sup> Different criteria and questions are used during this process.<sup>2</sup> Given the time and resources involved, there is no available information on the reliability of the tools and review criteria used in the peer review of grant proposals. Peru’s National Program for Scientific Research and Advanced Studies (PROCIENCIA) uses a 2-tiered review process: an initial peer review to assess scientific merit, followed by a panel review to evaluate proposal relevance in line with funding priorities. Expert scientists are involved in both stages of the review process. Proposals may be improved prior to the final allocation of funding. In that context, we assess the reliability of the instruments used for the peer review of grant proposals at PROCIENCIA. </p>
<h4>Design</h4>
<p> This cross-sectional study assessed the construction and validation of 7 instruments used by PROCIENCIA for the peer review of grant applications between January 2022 and December 2024. Peer review instruments were applied in 7 funding calls (<b>Figure 25-1021</b>). Each financial instrument has distinct requirements and aims. The process of constructing and validating the instruments was carried out in the following stages: (1) literature review, (2) instrument construction, and (3) content validation. The literature search included studies on the criteria for reviewing STI grant applications, including the review criteria used by STI agencies. The findings from the literature review were used as evidence for the development of the evaluation criteria and questions included in the peer review instruments. We used a modified Delphi process to validate the content,<sup>3</sup> which included a review round by 8 to 15 expert panelists for each instrument. The experts were senior researchers with extensive experience in reviewing grant applications and scientific articles in various fields of scientific and technological knowledge. Each instrument contained 4 to 7 criteria (eg, knowledge of the researchers, relevance and coherence of the proposal, the scientific-technological aspect of the proposal, feasibility, results, and budget) as well as 3 to 8 questions. Content validation was performed at the overall instrument level (overall score) and for each criterion (individual score). Cronbach α was used to assess internal consistency; a value greater than .75 was considered acceptable.</p>

![](https://assets.underline.io/markdown_image/1/image/2dcedfe3054669882625d5c064f0f89e.png)

<h4>Results</h4>
<p> The 7 instruments used for the peer review of grant applications had an overall reliability index between .86 and .98 (<span class="CharOverride-4"><b>Figure 25-1021</b></span>). All instruments had acceptable reliability indices regarding assessment criteria (&gt;.75). The assessment criteria of the doctoral program, technological development, and improvement of laboratory equipment instruments had a higher reliability index (range, .89-1.00 and .92-1.00, respectively).</p>
<h4>Conclusions</h4>
<p> Our results show that PROCIENCIA uses validated and reliable instruments for the peer review of grant proposals. Validation and reliability of peer review instruments for STI funding is helpful in ensuring the integrity of the review process and in selecting research proposals for funding. Therefore, funding agencies should consider validating peer review instruments. </p>
<h4>References</h4>
<p>1. Hug SE, Aeschbach M. Criteria for assessing grant applications: a systematic review. <i>Palgrave Commun</i>. 2020;6(1):1-15. doi:10.1057/s41599-020-0412-9</p>
<p>2. Abdoul H, Perrey C, Amiel P, et al. Peer review of grant applications: criteria used and qualitative study of reviewer practices. <i>PLoS One</i>. 2012;7(9):e46054. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046054</p>
<p>3. Hsu C, Sandford BA. The Delphi technique: making sense of consensus. <i>Practl Assess Res Eval</i>. 2007;12(1):10. doi:10.7275/pdz9-th90</p>
<sup>1</sup>Beneficiary Selection Sub-Unit, National Program of Scientific Research and Advanced Studies (PROCIENCIA), National Council for Science, Technology and Innovation (CONCYTEC), Lima, Peru, mramirez@prociencia.gob.pe.</p>
<h4>Conflict of Interest Disclosures </h4>
<p>None reported.</p>
<h4>Acknowledgment </h4>
<p>The authors would like to thank Sixto Sánchez, president of CONCYTEC, and Dora Blitchtein Winicki De Levy, executive director of PROCIENCIA, for the technical support for the study.</p>


[V] Construction and Validation of Instruments for the Peer Review of Grant Proposals in Peru

<p>Rachel Claus<sup>1</sup></p>
<h4>Objective</h4>
<p> Research quality criteria guide grant applications and reviewer evaluations. When research crosses disciplinary boundaries, it requires more expansive quality criteria. Research evaluation is challenging in this context because concepts of research quality are rooted in disciplinary tradition.<sup>1</sup> Reviews are characterized by inconsistency and low agreement<sup>2</sup> and exacerbated by poorly defined criteria.<sup>3</sup> This presentation focuses on how consistently quality criteria are applied and interpreted by reviewers and explores reasons for inconsistency. </p>
<h4>Design </h4>
<p>All scoring data were collected from 2 noncompetitive review processes of multimillion-dollar research program proposals with aims to improve food security. In 2021, 32 research proposals were evaluated using 17 criteria on a standard 4-point Likert scale (0-3), with limited reviewer overlap. In 2024, 9 proposals were evaluated using 12 criteria, and 4 using 11 criteria, with no reviewer overlap. Each proposal was assessed by a panel of 3 reviewers who scored independently before discussing scores to reach consensus. In total, 45 proposals were evaluated by 80 individual subject matter experts across 45 panels. Score consistency was measured by discrepancy per criterion as the difference between the highest and lowest score awarded in a panel, and how many reviewers agreed on their individual assessments. The standard of consistency was met when at least 2 of 3 reviewers agreed, and the discrepancy between individual reviewer scores was less than or equal to 1 Likert scale point. A total of 696 panel-level measures of consistency were computed. Cross tabulations were used to identify frequencies of inconsistency by criterion. Interviews with reviewers were conducted to understand perceived reasons for individual review discrepancies and disagreement, and individual and panel-level score justifications were analyzed to explore criteria interpretations.</p>
<h4>Results</h4>
<p> There was a statistically significant relationship between consistency and the evaluation criteria (χ² = 61.013; <i>P</i> &lt; .001). Some criteria were more consistently applied than others. The frequency that each criterion met the standard of consistency is presented in <b>Table 25-1061</b>. Reviewers more frequently applied the following criteria inconsistently when evaluating proposals: comparative advantage (26.7%), monitoring, evaluation, and learning (24.4%), and overall theory of change (24.4%). Justified and transparent costing had the highest rate (71.9%) of inconsistency in 2021 but was not evaluated in the 2024 review cycle. Individual score discrepancies and disagreement were perceived by reviewers to result from diverse disciplinary expertise and a constructive way to achieve comprehensive quality assessments. More problematic reasons for discrepancies included misalignment of criteria to the application and different interpretations resulting from individual values and perceived abilities to make judgments.</p>

![](https://assets.underline.io/markdown_image/1/image/55ce83d15f0173abd5d1a75ab77f6b39.png)

<h4>Conclusions</h4>
<p> The preliminary results indicate scope for criteria clarification to improve consistency in interpretation and reliability of individual reviewer’s quality assessments of proposals. The approach can be adapted to test and inform improvements to quality criteria.</p>
<h4>References</h4>
<p>1. Defila R, Di Giulio A. Transdisciplinary development of quality criteria for transdisciplinary research. In: Regeer BJ, Klaassen P, Broerse JEW, eds. <i>Transdisciplinarity for Transformation</i>. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham; 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60974-9_5</p>
<p>2. Pier EL, Brauer M, Filut A, et al. Low agreement among reviewers evaluating the same NIH grant applications. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</i>. 2018;115(12):2952-2957. doi:10.1073/pnas.1714379115</p>
<p>3. Abdoul H, Perrey C, Amiel P, et al. Peer review of grant applications: criteria used and qualitative study of reviewer practices. <i>PLoS One</i>. 2012;7(9):e46054. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046054</p>
<sup>1</sup>Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC, Canada, rachel.claus@royalroads.ca.</p>
<h4>Conflict of Interest Disclosures</h4>
<p> None reported.</p>
<h4>Funding/Support</h4>
<p> This research was supported by the Sustainability Research Effectiveness Program, the BC Graduate Scholarship, the Royal Roads Doctoral Scholarship, and the David Harris Flaherty Scholarship.</p>
<h4>Role of the Funder/Sponsor</h4>
<p> The research was done as part of the Sustainability Research Effectiveness Program, with input provided to the design of the study, review and approval of the abstract and input to the decision to submit the abstract for presentation. Scholarships provided general support without any role in design and conduct of the study; collection, management and interpretation of the data; preparation, review or approval of the abstract, and decision to submit the abstract for presentation.</p>


[V] Reviewers' Interpretation and Application of Research Quality Criteria in Grant Peer Review

<p>Joanie Sims Gould,<sup>1</sup> Anne Lasinsky,<sup>2</sup> Adrian Mota,<sup>3</sup> Karim M. Khan,<sup>1,2,4</sup> Clare L. Ardern<sup>5,6</sup></p>
<h4>Objective</h4>
<p> There is robust debate about the perceived strengths and weakness of grant peer review. Much of the research on issues in grant peer review is based on quantitative analysis of funding or scoring outcomes, which does not illuminate the experiences of peer review committee members. The objective of this study was to explore and understand the experiences and challenges faced by Canadian health research grant peer reviewers.</p>
<h4>Design</h4>
<p> This qualitative study received ethics approval from the University Behavioural Research Ethics Board. Study conduct and reporting followed the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) guideline. Chairs, peer reviewers, and Scientific Officers of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) project grant competition peer review panels were interviewed. CIHR staff prepared a list of 50 potential participants who represented the 4 primary branches of CIHR research (biomedical, clinical, health systems and services, population health) from a public website. The inclusion criterion was having participated in a CIHR Project Grant competition peer review panel at least once as a peer reviewer, chair, or scientific officer. The researchers randomly selected names from the list and sent a recruitment email inviting participants to an online semistructured interview. The response rate was 36%. Two experienced qualitative researchers recruited and interviewed participants on a rolling basis from February to August 2022. The study team met biweekly to review the interview transcripts. All participants provided verbal consent for audio recording and reporting of quotes at the beginning of the interview. The interview guide was developed based on a priori concepts of peer review and the study team’s research experience in the field of grant peer review. There were questions about participants’ background, training in peer review, strengths and challenges of the review process, and managing conflict and bias. The analysis used a framework analysis approach.<sup>1</sup> Data were sifted, charted, and sorted based on key issues and themes to identify a thematic framework, compare and contrast themes, and explore similarities and differences.</p>
<h4>Results</h4>
<p> Eighteen participants were interviewed, all of whom were mid- or senior-career researchers (age 42-77 years); 11 participants (61.1%) were women and 7 (38.9%) were men. Twelve participants (66.7%) identified as White, 3 (16.7%) as South Asian, and 3 (16.7%) as other race or ethnicity. Participants identified 3 threats to grant peer review: (1) lack of training and limited opportunities to learn, (2) challenges in differentiating and rating applications of similar strength, and (3) relying on academic reputations and personal relationships in the review process to differentiate grant applications of a similar rating.</p>
<h4>Conclusions</h4>
<p> Experienced grant peer reviewers in the Canadian health funding context identified an absence of training and learning opportunities for peer review, difficulty differentiating between applications of similar strength, and an emphasis on academic reputations and personal relationships in rating applications for the Project Grant Competition.</p>
<h4>Reference</h4>
<p>1. Srivastava A, Thomson SB. Framework analysis: a qualitative methodology for applied policy research. <i>Journal of Administration and Governance</i>. 2009;72. Accessed May 31, 2025. <a href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=2760705"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-6">https://ssrn.com/abstract=2760705</span></a></p>
<sup>1</sup>Department of Family Practice, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; <sup>2</sup>School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; <sup>3</sup>Canadian Institutes of Health, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; <sup>4</sup>Canadian Institutes of Health–Institute of Musculoskeletal Health and Arthritis, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; <sup>5</sup>Department of Physical Therapy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, clare.ardern@ubc.ca; <sup>6</sup>Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.</p>
<h4>Conflict of Interest Disclosures</h4>
<p> Adrian Mota is acting vice president, Research–Programs for the Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR). Karim M. Khan is scientific director for the CIHR Institute of Musculoskeletal Health and Arthritis (2017-2025). No other disclosures were reported.</p>
<h4>Funding/Support </h4>
<p>This work was supported by a CIHR research operating grant (scientific directors) held by Karim M. Khan. </p>
<h4>Role of the Funder/Sponsor</h4>
<p> The CIHR had no role in design and conduct of the study. The CIHR did not participate in interpretation of the data or the preparation of the abstract and did not participate in the decision to submit the abstract for presentation.</p>


[V] Experiences and Challenges Faced by Canadian Health Research Grant Peer Reviewers

<p>Larisa Melikhova,<sup>1</sup> Andrei Rostovtsev,<sup>2</sup> Vasiliy Vlassov<sup>3</sup></p>
<h4>Objective</h4>
<p> Dissernet is a volunteer network combating plagiarism since 2013. Since 2020, we expanded our assessment to translation plagiarism (ie, using another author’s text translated into a different language) from and into Russian and to purchasing of authorship. This report covers progress since 2016.</p>
<h4>Design</h4>
<p> In 2020, by tracing authors known for earlier research misconduct, we located potential international predatory journals and checked their publications for plagiarism. All known predatory journals and potential predatory journals were screened for compliance with 2 indicators: explosive growth of publications by Russian authors and the fake collaboration index. We selected predatory journals that were indexed in Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) and examined whether they contained plagiarism translated from Russian-language sources. These data were assessed and presented in a report by the Commission for Counteracting the Falsification of Scientific Research, which was appointed by the Russian Academy of Sciences.<sup>1</sup> These journals have been expelled from Scopus and WoS. This work was continued by studying translation plagiarism from and into Ukrainian language (in collaboration with Ukrainian scientists). In 2021 to 2022, Dissernet detected another mass fraud: purchased coauthorship.<sup>2</sup> We downloaded a database of the offers at the International Publisher website and identified publications in journals indexed in WoS and/or Scopus with abstracts that coincided with offers in the database.</p>
<h4>Results</h4>
<p> In the initial search, we selected 94 predatory journals, 83 of which were indexed in Scopus and 18 in WoS, and found in them 259 publications containing plagiarism translated from Russian-language sources. In examining purchased coauthorship, we identified 418 publications in journals indexed in Scopus and/or WoS that coincided with offers from International Publisher, at least 33 of which were later retracted by the journals. By May 2025, 5962 journal articles containing evidence of various types of research misconduct had been identified on the Dissernet website.<sup>3</sup> <br />A total of 837 authors had published articles with translation plagiarism; the most common disciplines included economics, law, and education. We detected 842 authors who bought authorship through International Publisher<sup>3</sup>; the most common disciplines included medical sciences, technical sciences, economics, and law. Authors of publications with different types of violations identified by Dissernet (N = 2880) were predominantly from Russia: 2418 people (84%). Among the remaining 462 authors, 184 (40%) were from Eastern countries (Iran, Iraq, India, China, etc) and 157 (34%) were from countries of post-Soviet space (Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Ukraine, etc). All results of the work described herein are presented on the Dissernet site (in Russian).<sup>3</sup> The publications with academic misconduct can be seen in the sections “Journals” (referring to a particular journal) and “Persons” (referring to authors of the articles).</p>
<h4>Conclusions</h4>
<p> The practice of translation plagiarism is much easier today due to the use of artificial intelligence. Purchasing coauthorship became popular at the international level. We consider these findings as a further step in exploration of translation plagiarism in the countries of the post-Soviet space and beyond.</p>
<h4>References</h4>
<p>1. Chawla DS. Top officials at Russian universities embroiled in plagiarism scandal. August 14, 2020. Nature Index. Accessed July 16, 2025. <a href="https://www.nature.com/nature-index/news/top-officials-rectors-russian-universities-embroiled-plagiarism-scandal"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-6">https://www.nature.com/nature-index/news/top-officials-rectors-russian-universities-embroiled-plagiarism-scandal</span></a></p>
<p>2. Rostovtsev A, Melikhova L. A disaster that has become normal. <i>TRV Science</i>. 2023;370:1, 3. Accessed July 16, 2025. <a href="https://www.trv-science.ru/2023/01/katastrofa-kotoraya-stala-normoj/"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-6">https://www.trv-science.ru/2023/01/katastrofa-kotoraya-stala-normoj/</span></a></p>
<p>3. <span lang="ru-RU">Dissernet. Accessed </span>July 16, 2025. <a href="https://dissernet.org/"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-6" lang="ru-RU">https://dissernet.org/</span></a></p>
<sup>1</sup>Dissernet, Netanya, Israel, larisamelikhova@gmail.com; <sup>2</sup>Dissernet, Budva, Montenegro; <sup>3</sup>International Health Equity Agency, Tel Aviv, Israel.</p>
<h4>Conflict of Interest Disclosures</h4>
<p> None reported.</p>


[V] Plagiarism and publication frauds revealed by Dissernet

<p>Hans Lund,<sup>1</sup> Karen Lie,<sup>2</sup> Karen Robinson,<sup>3</sup> Jong-Wook Ban,<sup>4</sup> Birgitte Nørgaard<sup>5</sup></p>
<h4>Objective </h4>
<p>Researchers’ citation practices are influenced by a wide range of factors, many of which are unrelated to scientific quality or relevance, raising concerns about citation bias. Given the conceptual ambiguity, methodological heterogeneity, and ethical implications surrounding this topic, a scoping review was conducted to map the literature, classify study intentions, and identify research gaps. The objective was to systematically map the predictors of citation rates and categorize the types of studies evaluating these factors.</p>
<h4>Design </h4>
<p>This was a scoping review to identify all studies assessing predictors of citation rates within the health sciences, with a particular focus on citation bias—defined as the selective citation of literature based on specific characteristics rather than scientific merit.</p>
<h4>Results </h4>
<p>A total of 165 studies published between 1982 and 2023 were included. Fifty-four distinct factors were identified, encompassing 4,471,352 original studies, and were grouped into 4 categories: author-related (n = 17), study-related (n = 19), reporting-related (n = 10), and journal-related (n = 8). Among the 786 analyses evaluating these factors, 429 (54.6%) identified a significant increase in citation rates, 49 (6.2%) found a decrease, and 251 (31.9%) reported no effect. Most factors associated with increased citation rates were unrelated to the scientific content of the studies and instead reflected extrinsic characteristics. As the intention, interpretation of results, and conclusions varied considerably across the included studies, we categorized them based on how they analyzed factors associated with citation rates (<b>Figure 25-1083</b>). Of the 165 studies, 77 (46.7%) were classified under category A, which examined citation bias. In contrast, 81 studies (49.1%) (categories B1 and B2) recommended leveraging specific characteristics to enhance authors’ own citation rates. Category B was further subdivided due to ambiguity in distinguishing ethically acceptable recommendations from potentially conflicting (ie, unacceptable) ones. Seven studies (4.2%) examined factors that could improve the accessibility of published studies. <b>Figure 25-1083</b> presents these categories along a continuum ranging from questionable research practices to optimal scientific behavior.</p>

![](https://assets.underline.io/markdown_image/1/image/9c199478935d01067c36a0c7323ab8ed.png)

<h4>Conclusions </h4>
<p>Many factors associated with increased citation rates were unrelated to the scientific content of the studies. Furthermore, authors of nearly half of the studies explicitly recommended modifying paper characteristics to boost citations rather than prioritizing scientific contribution. Such recommendations may conflict with principles of scientific integrity, which emphasize relevance and methodological rigor over strategic citation practices. Furthermore, the results provide a robust foundation for conducting meta-analyses to quantify the extent of the problem, as they offer a comprehensive and systematically derived list of factors influencing citation rates. The high proportion of significant results suggests possible publication bias.</p>
<sup>1</sup>Section of Evidence-Based Practice, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway, hans.lund@hvl.no; <sup>2</sup>VID Specialized University, Bergen, Norway; <sup>3</sup>Johns Hopkins Evidence-Based Practice Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, US; <sup>4</sup>Section of Hospital Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, US; <sup>5</sup>Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.</p>
<h4>Conflict of Interest Disclosures</h4><p>None reported.</p>


[V] Citation Biases and Citation-Boosting Strategies: A Scoping Review of Predictors

<p>Dante Dahabreh,<sup>1</sup> Kenny T. L. Ta,<sup>2</sup> Angela Rose Loczi-Storm,<sup>3</sup> Olivia V. Lim,<sup>4</sup> Dana Chen,<sup>5</sup> Tasneem M. Y. Issa,<sup>6</sup> Alexandria I. Kristensen-Cabrera,<sup>6</sup> Rahib K. Islam,<sup>7</sup> Robert P. Dellavalle,<sup>6,8</sup> Eamonn Maher<sup>6,8</sup></p>
<h4>Objective</h4>
<p> Open access (OA) publishing has revolutionized academic dissemination by providing free research access. However, the financial implications for authors and the impact on journal prestige, particularly in dermatology, are often unclear. This lack of clarity complicates researchers’ publication decisions. This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of OA publication models in dermatology journals.</p>
<h4>Design</h4>
<p> We conducted a cross-sectional study of 144 dermatology journals from the Scimago database between May 13 and June 16, 2024. Of these, 106 journals met inclusion criteria (indexed in PubMed and having an OA option); 38 were excluded for not meeting inclusion criteria, having nonfunctional websites, or missing citation metrics. Journals were categorized as hybrid or full OA. We extracted 2022 metrics (CiteScore, h-index, Scimago journal rank, and 2-year Impact Factor), averaging them for a composite impact score. Article processing charges (APCs) were collected from journal websites. Cost-effectiveness was calculated as impact score divided by total OA publishing cost (cost for free OA journals was set to 1). Statistical analyses, including Wilcoxon rank sum test and Spearman correlation, were performed using R software (R Foundation for Statistical Computing).</p>
<h4>Results</h4>
<p> Median OA publishing costs were significantly higher for hybrid journals than full OA journals ($3675 vs $350, respectively; <i>P</i> &lt; .05). Hybrid journals also showed significantly higher median impact scores than full OA journals (23.95 vs 9.23; <i>P</i> &lt; .05) (<span class="CharOverride-4"><b>Figure 24-0826</b></span>). A moderate positive correlation (<i>R</i> = 0.66) was observed between OA publishing costs and impact scores. The <i>Journal of Drugs in Dermatology</i>, <i>Indian Journal of Dermatology</i>, and <i>Dermatology Online Journal</i> were the top 3 cost-effective paid OA options. The <i>Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology</i> and the <i>Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology</i> were identified as top free OA journals.</p>

![](https://assets.underline.io/markdown_image/1/image/6d8e3e92b0051b51887e7602787ad475.png)

<h4>Conclusions</h4>
<p> Our findings indicate a trade-off in dermatology publishing: hybrid journals, despite higher APCs, generally achieved greater impact scores, suggesting a balance between cost and prestige. While our impact score used established metrics, its broader validation and comparability across other medical subspecialties require further investigation. This study’s cost-effectiveness calculations are based on listed APCs and do not account for fee-assistance programs (offered by 25 of 106 journals) or membership discounts (available for 22 of 106 journals), which can significantly alter the actual cost for individual authors. Future research, incorporating sensitivity analyses on varying APCs (including potential waivers or discounts) and exploring broader measures of influence, is essential to enhance the generalizability and impact of these findings and to better inform authors’ complex OA publication decisions.</p>
<sup>1</sup>Department of Internal Medicine, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA, US; <sup>2</sup>University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, US, ta000030@umn.edu; <sup>3</sup>College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, OR, US; <sup>4</sup>Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, US; <sup>5</sup>School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, US; <sup>6</sup>University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, US; <sup>7</sup>Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, US; <sup>8</sup>Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, US.</p>
<h4>Conflict of Interest Disclosures</h4>
<p> None reported.</p>
<h4>Additional Information</h4>
<p> ChatGPT Omega 3 was used on June 18, 2024, to help with statistical analysis and figure generation.</p>


[V] Assessing the Cost Effectiveness of Publishing Open Access Dermatology Journals

<p>Mengyuan Fu,<sup>1,2</sup> Kexin Ling,<sup>3</sup> Xinyi Zhou,<sup>3</sup> Sneha Dave,<sup>4</sup> Can Li,<sup>3</sup> Luwen Shi,<sup>2,3</sup> Xiaodong Guan,<sup>2,3</sup> Joseph S. Ross<sup>1,5,6</sup></p>
<h4>Objective </h4>
<p>This study aims to examine whether the information sources cited within National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) rare disease reports were publicly available, as well as any associated costs to purchase access, given that patients, caregivers, and clinicians may rely on these sources for critical information to inform their clinical decision-making.</p>
<h4>Design </h4>
<p>We randomly selected 20% of all NORD rare disease reports available as of February 2024.<sup>1</sup> Citations within these reports were classified into 5 source types, including publications in scholarly journals (research articles, case reports, reviews), textbooks, and other internet resources. Each citation was searched using Google and categorized as open access (freely available online), accessible at cost, or unavailable online. For citations with associated costs to purchase access, we recorded the lowest listed price before taxes. A 10% cross-sample validation was conducted between each pair of researchers to check consistency. All data were collected between April and May, 2024. We used descriptive statistics to calculate the proportion of citations categorized by availability, overall and by year and source type, as well as median costs, overall and by source type. We used χ² tests to evaluate differences in open access rates by year and source type. A 2-sided <i>P</i> &lt; .05 was considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed using Stata MP version 16.0.</p>
<h4>Results</h4>
<p> Among 1333 NORD rare disease reports available as of February 2024, 267 were randomly selected for study. These 267 reports included 4445 citations to 3506 unique information sources; the median (IQR) number of citations per report was 15 (11-20), including 9 (5-13) research articles, 0 (0-1) case reports, 0 (0-0) review articles, 1 (0-3) textbook, and 2 (1-4) other internet resources. Among 3506 unique information sources cited, 1750 (49.9%) were open access, 1381 (39.4%) were accessible at cost, and 375 (10.7%) were unavailable online (<b>Table 25-0964</b>). Among citations accessible only at cost, the median (IQR) cost was $31.5 ($15.0-$40.0), whereas the total cost per report for all citations accessible only at cost was $167.7 ($82.0-$258.7). The overall proportion of citations published in scholarly journals available as open access increased from 30.0% (258/860) prior to 2001 to 79.8% (95/119) from 2021 onwards (<i>P</i> &lt; .001).</p>

![](https://assets.underline.io/markdown_image/1/image/9f667019d212a0e80f968da918f39cdb.png)

<h4>Conclusions </h4>
<p>While NORD should be applauded for making its rare disease reports publicly available, we found that half of the information sources cited by these reports were not open access, potentially limiting equitable access to critical information for rare disease communities.</p>
<h4>Reference</h4>
<p>1. National Organization for Rare Disorders. Rare disease database. Accessed March 1, 2024. <a href="https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/"><span class="Hyperlink CharOverride-6">https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/</span></a></p>
<sup>1</sup>Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, US, joseph.ross@yale.edu; <sup>2</sup>International Research Center for Medicinal Administration, Peking University, Beijing, China; <sup>3</sup>Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; <sup>4</sup>Generation Patient, Indianapolis, IN, US; <sup>5</sup>Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale–New Haven Health System, New Haven, CT, US; <sup>6</sup>Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, US.</p>
<h4>Conflict of Interest Disclosures </h4>
<p>Mengyuan Fu currently receives research support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (72304011). Sneha Dave is the founder and executive director of Generation Patient, an organization that receives grant funding from Arnold Ventures, Commonwealth Fund, Disability Inclusion Fund, Third Wave Fund, Responsible Technology Youth Power Fund, the Helmsley Charitable Trust, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, and Lucile Packard Foundation for Children’s Health. Joseph S. Ross currently receives research support through Yale University from Johnson and Johnson to develop methods of clinical trial data sharing, from the Food and Drug Administration for the Yale-Mayo Clinic Center for Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation (CERSI) program (U01FD005938), from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (R01HS022882), and from Arnold Ventures; formerly received research support from the Medical Device Innovation Consortium as part of the National Evaluation System for Health Technology (NEST) and from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (R01HS025164, R01HL144644); was an expert witness at the request of Relator’s attorneys, the Greene Law Firm, in a qui tam suit alleging violations of the False Claims Act and Anti-Kickback Statute against Biogen Inc. that was settled in September 2022; and is a deputy editor for JAMA. No other disclosures were reported.</p>


[V] Public Access to Information Cited in Rare Disease Reports

<p>Lesley Uttley,<sup>1</sup> Louise Falzon<sup>1</sup></p>
<h4>Objective </h4>
<p>This study aimed to identify current challenges in peer review relating to research culture using a targeted thematic analysis of research culture in health and biomedical research from a wider scoping review.<sup>1</sup></p>
<h4>Design </h4>
<p>To understand challenges of peer review influenced by research culture, the literature searches of a wider scoping review<sup>1</sup> were subject to a focused qualitative thematic analysis relating specifically to peer review, following PRISMA-ScR (scoping review) guidelines<sup>2</sup> and adhering to Nowell et al’s<sup>3</sup> trustworthiness criteria for thematic analysis. PubMed and Web of Science were searched for empirical studies published between January 2012 and April 2024 in health and biomedical research culture. Eligible articles for this study were those that reported relevance to peer review (regarding manuscript publication or funding applications) in the title or abstract. Editorials, discussion pieces without data, and articles relating to peer review for conferences were excluded. The main outcome was the qualitative themes from the included articles that were associated with peer review. Relevant papers were subjected to inductive content analyses by 2 authors (L.U. and L.F.), which involved noting key findings to identify recurring themes relating to the research culture topic or finding discussed. The themes were then deductively categorized according to a framework for research integrity across 4 domains: inclusivity, transparency, rigor, and objectivity.<sup>1</sup></p>
<h4>Results </h4>
<p>Fifty-three papers were included from a total of 1680 citations generated by literature searches. Relevant themes (n = 20) regarding the challenges of peer review, ordered by prevalence, were reviewed for thematic content across the 4 domains (<span class="CharOverride-4"><b>Figure 25-0850</b></span>). Inclusivity included gender biases (n = 8), status bias (n = 2), and diversity of peer review panels (n = 5); transparency included clarity of journal expectations (n = 11), open peer review advocacy (n = 4), and blinding of author characteristics (n = 6); rigor included predatory journals (n = 3), prevention of spin (n = 4), lack of statistical examination (n = 2), potential benefits of artificial intelligence (n = 3), need for training in peer review (n = 3), and potential harms from artificial intelligence (n = 1); and objectivity included willingness/refusal/lack of incentive (n = 4), burden (n = 5), influence of conflicts of interest of reviewers (n = 3), unprofessional comments (n = 1), self-citation bias (n = 2), novelty or positivism bias (n = 2), confirmation bias against innovative research (n = 1), and homophily (preference for shared characteristics of authors) or cronyism (n = 2).</p>

![](https://assets.underline.io/markdown_image/1/image/f39da803064b7591577d5d22f43931f3.png)

<h4>Conclusions </h4>
<p>A variety of research culture influences underpin peer review challenges in the traditional academic publishing model. Themes pertain to 4 cornerstones of research integrity<sup>1</sup> relating to inclusive workforces, transparency of processes, use of best practice methods, and the objectivity (and incentives) of peer review. Emerging threats from technological innovations in conjunction with incentives fuelled by research culture are likely shaping the research landscape. Sustained and joined-up conversations between authors, publishers, and reviewers about potential peer review innovations are required to safeguard genuine research and aid the dissemination of findings that promise authentic advancements in scientific research.</p>
<h4>References</h4>
<p>1. Uttley L, Falzon L, Byrne JA, et al. Research culture influences in health and biomedical research: rapid scoping review and content analysis. <i>J Clin Epidemiol</i>. 2024;178:111616. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2024.111616</p>
<p>2. Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. <i>Ann Intern Med</i>. 2018;169(7):467-473. doi:10.7326/M18-0850</p>
<p>3. Nowell LS, Norris JM, White DE, Moules NJ. Thematic analysis: striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. <i>Int J Qual Methods</i>. 201728;16(1). doi:10.1177/1609406917733847</p>
<sup>1</sup>School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, UK, l.uttley@sheffield.ac.uk.</p>
<h4>Conflict of Interest Disclosures </h4>
<p>None reported.</p>
<h4>Funding/Support</h4>
<p> Lesley Uttley is supported by a grant from the UKRI Medical Research Council (MR/Z504063/1).</p>


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