Austria

Within the context of Natural Language Processing (NLP), fairness evaluation is often associated with the assessment of bias and reduction of associated harm. In this regard, the evaluation is usually carried out by using a benchmark dataset, for a task such as Question Answering, created for the measurement of bias in the model&#39;s predictions along various dimensions, including gender identity. In our work, we evaluate gender bias in German Large Language Models (LLMs) using the Bias Benchmark for Question Answering by Parrish et al. (2022) as a reference. Specifically, the templates in the gender identity subset of this English dataset were machine translated into German. The errors in the machine translated templates were then manually reviewed and corrected with the help of a language expert. We find that manual revision of the translation is crucial when creating datasets for gender bias evaluation because of the limitations of machine translation from English to a language such as German with grammatical gender. Our final dataset is comprised of two subsets: Subset-I, which consists of group terms related to gender identity, and Subset-II, where group terms are replaced with proper names. We evaluate several LLMs used for German NLP on this newly created dataset and report the accuracy and bias scores. The results show that all models exhibit bias, both along and against existing social stereotypes.

ACL 2025

GG-BBQ: German Gender Bias Benchmark for Question Answering

### Welcome to The 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025)

Message from the General Chair: 
*It is my great pleasure and honor to welcome you to the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025), held in beautiful Vienna, Austria, from July 27 to August 1, 2025. ACL2025continues our field’s tradition of excellence in scholarship, innovation, and inclusivity, and I am deeply grateful to the many volunteers who have worked tirelessly to bring this event to life.* 
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Welcome to The 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025)

Within the context of Natural Language Processing (NLP), fairness evaluation is often associated with the assessment of bias and reduction of associated harm. In this regard, the evaluation is usually carried out by using a benchmark dataset, for a task such as Question Answering, created for the measurement of bias in the model's predictions along various dimensions, including gender identity. In our work, we evaluate gender bias in German Large Language Models (LLMs) using the Bias Benchmark for Question Answering by Parrish et al. (2022) as a reference. Specifically, the templates in the gender identity subset of this English dataset were machine translated into German. The errors in the machine translated templates were then manually reviewed and corrected with the help of a language expert. We find that manual revision of the translation is crucial when creating datasets for gender bias evaluation because of the limitations of machine translation from English to a language such as German with grammatical gender. Our final dataset is comprised of two subsets: Subset-I, which consists of group terms related to gender identity, and Subset-II, where group terms are replaced with proper names. We evaluate several LLMs used for German NLP on this newly created dataset and report the accuracy and bias scores. The results show that all models exhibit bias, both along and against existing social stereotypes.

workshop paper

Addressing the critical need for robust bias testing in AI systems, current methods often rely on overly simplistic or rigid persona templates, limiting the depth and realism of fairness evaluations. We introduce a novel framework and an associated tool designed to generate high-quality, diverse, and configurable personas specifically for nuanced bias assessment. Our core innovation lies in a two-stage process: first, generating structured persona tags based solely on user-defined configurations (specified manually or via an included agent tool), ensuring attribute distributions are controlled and crucially, are not skewed by an LLM's inherent biases regarding attribute correlations during the selection phase. Second, transforming these controlled tags into various realistic outputs—including natural language descriptions, CVs, or profiles—suitable for diverse bias testing scenarios. This tag-centric approach preserves ground-truth attributes for analyzing correlations and biases within the generated population and downstream AI applications. We demonstrate the system's efficacy by generating and validating 1,000 personas, analyzing both the adherence of natural language descriptions to the source tags and the potential biases introduced by the LLM during the transformation step. The provided dataset, including both generated personas and their source tags, enables detailed analysis. This work offers a significant step towards more reliable, controllable, and representative fairness testing in AI development.

Tag-First: Mitigating Distributional Bias in Synthetic User Profiles through Controlled Attribute Generation

This paper addresses a bias of gender inference systems: their binary nature. Based on the observation that, for French, systems based on pattern-matching of grammatical gender markers in "I am" expressions perform better than machine-learning approaches (Ciot et al. 2013), we examine the use of grammatical gender by non-binary individuals. We describe the construction of a corpus of texts produced by non-binary authors on Reddit, (formely) Twitter and three forums. Our linguistic analysis shows three main patterns of use: authors who use non-binary markers, authors who consistently use one grammatical gender, and authors who use both feminine and masculine markers. Using this knowledge, we make proposals for the improvements of existing gender inference systems based on grammatical gender.

Characterizing non-binary French: A first step towards debiasing gender inference

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong zero-shot machine translation (MT) performance but often exhibit gender bias that is present in their training data, especially when translating into grammatically gendered languages. In this paper, we investigate whether explicitly providing gender information can mitigate this issue and improve translation quality. We propose a two-step approach: (1) inferring entity gender from context, and (2) incorporating this information into prompts using either \textbf{Structured Tagging} or \textbf{Natural Language}. Experiments with five LLMs across four language pairs show that explicit gender cues consistently reduce gender errors, with structured tagging yielding the largest gains. Our results highlight prompt-level gender disambiguation as a simple yet effective strategy for more accurate and fair zero-shot MT.

Can Explicit Gender Information Improve Zero-Shot Machine Translation?

One of the goals of fairness research in NLP is to measure and mitigate stereotypical biases that are propagated by NLP systems. However, such work tends to focus on single axes of bias (most often gender) and the English language. Addressing these limitations, we contribute the first study of multilingual intersecting country and gender biases, with a focus on occupation recommendations generated by large language models. We construct a benchmark of prompts in English, Spanish and German, where we systematically vary country and gender, using 25 countries and four pronoun sets. Then, we evaluate a suite of 5 Llama-based models on this benchmark, finding that LLMs encode significant gender and country biases. Notably, we find that even when models show parity for gender or country individually, intersectional occupational biases based on both country and gender persist. We also show that the prompting language significantly affects bias, and instruction-tuned models consistently demonstrate the lowest and most stable levels of bias. Our findings highlight the need for fairness researchers to use intersectional and multilingual lenses in their work.

Colombian Waitresses y Jueces canadienses: Gender and Country Biases in Occupation Recommendations from LLMs

Emerging research on bias attribution and interpretability have revealed how tokens contribute to biased behavior in language models processing English texts. We build on this line of inquiry by adapting the information-theoretic bias attribution score metric for implementation on models handling agglutinative languages—particularly Filipino. We then demonstrate the effectiveness of our adapted method by using it on a purely Filipino model and on three multilingual models—one trained on languages worldwide and two on Southeast Asian data. Our results show that Filipino models are driven towards bias by words pertaining to $\textit{people}$, $\textit{objects}$, and $\textit{relationships}$—entity-based themes that stand in contrast to the action-heavy nature of bias-contributing themes in English (i.e., $\textit{criminal}$, $\textit{sexual}$, and $\textit{prosocial}$ behaviors). These findings point to differences in how English and non-English models process inputs linked to sociodemographic groups and bias.

Bias Attribution in Filipino Language Models: Extending a Bias Interpretability Metric for Application on Agglutinative Languages

Modern language models are trained on large amounts of data. These data inevitably include controversial and stereotypical content, which contains all sorts of biases related to gender, origin, age, etc. As a result, the models express biased points of view or produce different results based on the assigned personality or the personality of the user. In this paper, we investigate various proxy measures of bias in large language models (LLMs). We find that evaluating models with pre-prompted personae on a multi-subject benchmark (MMLU) leads to negligible and mostly random differences in scores. However, if we reformulate the task and ask a model to grade the user's answer, this shows more significant signs of bias. Finally, if we ask the model for salary negotiation advice, we see pronounced bias in the answers. With the recent trend for LLM assistant memory and personalization, these problems open up from a different angle: modern LLM users do not need to pre-prompt the description of their persona since the model already knows their socio-demographics.

Surface Fairness, Deep Bias: A Comparative Study of Bias in Language Models

As Natural Language Processing models become increasingly embedded in everyday life, ensuring that these systems can measure and mitigate bias is critical. While substantial work has been done to identify and mitigate gender bias in English, Farsi remains largely underexplored. This paper presents the first comprehensive study of gender bias in language models in Farsi across three tasks: emotion analysis, question answering, and hurtful sentence completion. We assess a range of language models across all the tasks in zero-shot settings. By adapting established evaluation frameworks for Farsi, we uncover patterns of gender bias that differ from those observed in English, highlighting the urgent need for culturally and linguistically inclusive approaches to bias mitigation in NLP.

Measuring Gender Bias in the Farsi Language

We examine audience-specific how-to guides on wikiHow, in English, diachronically by comparing predictions from fine-tuned language models and human judgments. Using both early and revised versions, we quantitatively and qualitatively study how gender-specific features are identified over time. While language model performance remains relatively stable in terms of macro F$_1$-scores, we observe an increased reliance on stereotypical tokens. Notably, both models and human raters tend to overpredict women as an audience, raising questions about bias in the evaluation of educational systems and resources.

A Diachronic Analysis of Human and Model Predictions on Audience Gender in How-to Guides

Machine learning (ML) models are increasingly used to support clinical decision-making. However, real-world medical datasets are often noisy, incomplete, and imbalanced, leading to performance disparities across patient subgroups. These differences raise fairness concerns, particularly when they reinforce existing disadvantages for marginalized groups. In this work, we analyze several medical prediction tasks and demonstrate how model performance varies with patient characteristics. While ML models may demonstrate good overall performance, we argue that subgroup-level evaluation is essential before integrating them into clinical workflows. By conducting a performance analysis at the subgroup level, differences can be clearly identified—allowing, on the one hand, for performance disparities to be considered in clinical practice, and on the other hand, for these insights to inform the responsible development of more effective models. Thereby, our work contributes to a practical discussion around the subgroup-sensitive development and deployment of medical ML models and the interconnectedness of fairness and transparency.

One Size Fits None: Rethinking Fairness in Medical AI

The advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has transformed Natural Language Processing (NLP), enabling performance across diverse tasks with little task-specific training. However, LLMs remain susceptible to social biases, particularly reflecting harmful stereotypes from training data, which can disproportionately affect marginalised communities.
We measure gender bias in Maltese LMs, arguing that such bias is harmful as it reinforces societal stereotypes and fails to account for gender diversity, which is especially problematic in gendered, low-resource languages.
While bias evaluation and mitigation efforts have progressed for English-centric models, research on low-resourced and morphologically rich languages remains limited. This research investigates the transferability of debiasing methods to Maltese language models, focusing on BERTu and mBERTu, BERT-based monolingual and multilingual models respectively. Bias measurement and mitigation techniques from English are adapted to Maltese, using benchmarks such as CrowS-Pairs and SEAT, alongside debiasing methods Counterfactual Data Augmentation, Dropout Regularization, Auto-Debias, and GuiDebias. We also contribute to future work in the study of gender bias in Maltese by creating evaluation datasets.
Our findings highlight the challenges of applying existing bias mitigation methods to linguistically complex languages, underscoring the need for more inclusive approaches in the development of multilingual NLP.

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Next from ACL 2025

Tag-First: Mitigating Distributional Bias in Synthetic User Profiles through Controlled Attribute Generation

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Exploring Gender Bias in Large Language Models: An In-depth Dive into the German Language

Stay up to date with the latest Underline news!

PRESENTATIONS

CONFERENCES

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