Austria

Electronic Health Records contain vast amounts of valuable clinical data, much of which is stored as unstructured text. Extracting meaningful clinical events (e.g., disorders, symptoms, findings, medications, and procedures etc.) in context within real-world healthcare settings is crucial for enabling downstream applications such as disease prediction, clinical coding for billing and decision support.
After Named Entity Recognition and Linking (NER+L) methodology, the identified concepts need to be further classified (i.e. contextualized) for distinct properties such as their relevance to the patient, their temporal and negated status for meaningful clinical use. 
We present a solution that, using an existing NER+L approach - MedCAT, classifies and contextualizes medical entities at scale. We evaluate the NLP approaches through 14 distinct real-world clinical text classification projects, testing our suite of models tailored to different clinical NLP needs. For tasks requiring high minority class recall, BERT proves the most effective when coupled with class imbalance mitigation techniques, outperforming Bi-LSTM with up to 28%. For majority class focused tasks, Bi-LSTM offers a lightweight alternative with, on average, 32% faster training time and lower computational cost. Importantly, these tools are integrated into an openly available library, enabling users to select the best model for their specific downstream applications.

ACL 2025

A Framework for Flexible Extraction of Clinical Event Contextual Properties from Electronic Health Records

clinical text classification

clinical language modeling

clinical information extraction

poster

### Welcome to The 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025)

Message from the General Chair: 
*It is my great pleasure and honor to welcome you to the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025), held in beautiful Vienna, Austria, from July 27 to August 1, 2025. ACL2025continues our field’s tradition of excellence in scholarship, innovation, and inclusivity, and I am deeply grateful to the many volunteers who have worked tirelessly to bring this event to life.* 
[Read more](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1GI_hvOpjswAuYdUTromfeDiPpCcqidwg/view?usp=sharing)

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Welcome to The 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025)

With the emergence of ChatGPT, Transformer models have significantly advanced text classification and related tasks. Decoder-only models such as Llama exhibit strong performance and flexibility, yet they suffer from inefficiency on inference due to token-by-token generation, and their effectiveness in text classification tasks heavily depends on prompt quality. Moreover, their substantial GPU resource requirements often limit widespread adoption. Thus, the question of whether smaller language models are capable of effectively handling text classification tasks emerges as a topic of significant interest. However, the selection of appropriate models and methodologies remains largely underexplored. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive evaluation of prompt engineering and supervised fine-tuning methods for transformer-based text classification. Specifically, we focus on practical industrial scenarios, including email classification, legal document categorization, and the classification of extremely long academic texts. We examine the strengths and limitations of smaller models, with particular attention to both their performance and their efficiency in Video Random-Access Memory (VRAM) utilization, thereby providing valuable insights for the local deployment and application of compact models in industrial settings.

Small Language Models in the Real World: Insights from Industrial Text Classification

Text chunking is fundamental to modern retrieval-augmented systems, yet existing methods often struggle with maintaining semantic coherence, both within and across chunks, while dealing with document structure and noise. We present AutoChunker, a bottom-up approach for text chunking that combines document structure awareness with noise elimination. AutoChunker leverages language models to identify and segregate logical units of information (a chunk) while preserving document hierarchy through a tree-based representation. To evaluate the chunking operator, we introduce a comprehensive evaluation framework based on five core tenets: noise reduction, completeness, context coherence, task relevance, and retrieval performance. Experimental results on Support and Wikipedia articles demonstrate that AutoChunker significantly outperforms existing methods, reducing noise while improving chunk completeness compared to state-of-the-art baselines. When integrated with an online product support system, our approach led to improvements in retrieval performance and customer return rates. Our work not only advances the state of text chunking but also provides a standardized framework for evaluating chunking strategies, addressing a critical gap in the field.

AutoChunker: Structured Text Chunking and its Evaluation

Large Language Models (LLMs) enable natural language to SQL conversion, allowing users to query databases without SQL expertise. However, generating accurate, efficient queries is challenging due to ambiguous intent, domain knowledge requirements, and database constraints. Extensive reasoning improves SQL quality but increases computational costs and latency. We propose SQLGenie, a practical system for reliable SQL generation. It consists of three components: (1) \textbf{Table Onboarder}, which analyzes new tables, optimizes indexing, partitions data, identifies foreign key relationships, and stores schema details for SQL generation; (2) \textbf{SQL Generator}, an LLM-based system producing accurate SQL; and (3) \textbf{Feedback Augmentation}, which filters correct query-SQL pairs, leverages multiple LLM agents for complex SQL, and stores verified examples. SQLGenie achieves state-of-the-art performance on public benchmarks (92.8\% execution accuracy on WikiSQL, 82.1\% of Spider, 73.8\% on BIRD) and internal datasets, surpassing the best single-LLM baseline by 21.5\% and the strongest pipeline competitor by 5.3\%. Its hybrid variant optimally balances accuracy and efficiency, reducing generation time by 64\% compared to traditional multi-LLM approaches while maintaining competitive accuracy.

SQLGenie: A Practical LLM based System for Reliable and Efficient SQL Generation

Enterprise search systems often struggle to retrieve accurate, domain-specific information due to semantic mismatches and overlapping terminologies. These issues can degrade the performance of downstream applications such as knowledge management, customer support, and retrieval-augmented generation agents. To address this challenge, we propose a scalable hard-negative mining framework tailored specifically for domain-specific enterprise data. Our approach dynamically selects semantically challenging but contextually irrelevant documents to enhance deployed re-ranking models.

Our method integrates diverse embedding models, performs dimensionality reduction, and uniquely selects hard negatives, ensuring computational efficiency and semantic precision. Evaluation on our proprietary enterprise corpus (cloud services domain) demonstrates substantial improvements of 15\% in MRR@3 and 19\% in MRR@10 compared to state-of-the-art baselines and other negative sampling techniques. Further validation on public domain-specific datasets (FiQA, Climate Fever, TechQA) confirms our method's generalizability and readiness for real-world applications.

Hard Negative Mining for Domain-Specific Retrieval in Enterprise Systems

Determining company similarity is a vital task in finance, underpinning risk management, hedging, and portfolio diversification. Practitioners often rely on sector and industry classifications such as SIC and GICS codes to gauge similarity, the former being used by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and the latter widely used by the investment community. Since these classifications lack granularity and need regular updating, using clusters of embeddings of company descriptions has been proposed as a potential alternative, but the lack of interpretability in token embeddings poses a significant barrier to adoption in high-stakes contexts. Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) have shown promise in enhancing the interpretability of Large Language Models (LLMs) by decomposing Large Language Model (LLM) activations into interpretable features. Moreover, SAEs capture an LLM's internal representation of a company description, as opposed to semantic similarity alone, as is the case with embeddings. We apply SAEs to company descriptions, and obtain meaningful clusters of equities. We benchmark SAE features against SIC-codes, Industry codes, and Embeddings. Our results demonstrate that SAE features surpass sector classifications and embeddings in capturing fundamental company characteristics. This is evidenced by their superior performance in correlating logged monthly returns – a proxy for similarity – and generating higher Sharpe ratios in co-integration trading strategies, which underscores deeper fundamental similarities among companies. Finally, we verify the interpretability of our clusters, and demonstrate that sparse features form simple and interpretable explanations for our clusters.

Interpretable Company Similarity with Sparse Autoencoders

We present the e-Llama models: 8 billion and 70 billion parameter large language models that are adapted towards the e-commerce domain.
These models are meant as foundation models with deep knowledge about e-commerce, that form a base for instruction- and fine-tuning.
The e-Llama models are obtained by continuously pretraining the Llama 3.1 base models on 1 trillion tokens of domain-specific data.

We discuss our approach and motivate our choice of hyperparameters with a series of ablation studies.
To quantify how well the models have been adapted to the e-commerce domain, we define and implement a set of multilingual, e-commerce specific evaluation tasks.

We show that, when carefully choosing the training setup, the Llama 3.1 models can be adapted towards the new domain without sacrificing significant performance on general domain tasks.
We also explore the possibility of merging the adapted model and the base model for a better control of the performance trade-off between domains.

Domain Adaptation of Foundation LLMs for e-Commerce

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as computer-use agents, autonomously performing tasks within real desktop or web environments. While this evolution greatly expands practical use cases for humans, it also creates serious security exposures. We present SUDO (Screen-based Universal Detox2tox Offense), a novel attack framework that systematically bypasses refusal-trained safeguards in commercial computer-use agents, such as Claude for Computer Use. The core mechanism, Detox2tox, transforms harmful requests (that agents initially reject) into seemingly benign requests via detoxification, secures detailed instructions from advanced vision language models (VLMs), and then reintroduces malicious content via toxification just before execution. Unlike conventional jailbreaks, SUDO iteratively refines its attacks based on a built-in refusal feedback, making it increasingly effective against robust policy filters. In extensive tests spanning 50 real-world tasks and multiple state-of-the-art VLMs, SUDO achieves a stark attack success rate of 24.41\% (with no refinement), and up to 41.33\% (by its iterative refinement) in Claude for Computer Use. By revealing these vulnerabilities and demonstrating the ease with which they can be exploited in real-world computing environments, this paper highlights an immediate need for robust, context-aware safeguards. 
WARNING: This paper includes harmful or offensive model outputs.

sudo rm -rf agentic_security

Multilingual automatic speech recognition (ASR) in the medical domain serves as a foundational task for various downstream applications such as speech translation, spoken language understanding, and voice-activated assistants. This technology improves patient care by enabling efficient communication across language barriers, alleviating specialized workforce shortages, and facilitating improved diagnosis and treatment, particularly during pandemics. In this work, we introduce MultiMed, the first multilingual medical ASR dataset, along with the first collection of small-to-large end-to-end medical ASR models, spanning five languages: Vietnamese, English, German, French, and Mandarin Chinese. To our best knowledge, MultiMed stands as the world’s largest medical ASR dataset across all major benchmarks: total duration, number of recording conditions, number of accents, and number of speaking roles. Furthermore, we present the first multilinguality study for medical ASR, which includes reproducible empirical baselines, a monolinguality-multilinguality analysis, Attention Encoder Decoder (AED) vs Hybrid comparative study and a linguistic analysis. We present practical ASR end-to-end training schemes optimized for a fixed number of trainable parameters that are common in industry settings. All code, data, and models are available online.

MultiMed: Multilingual Medical Speech Recognition via Attention Encoder Decoder

Attribute value extraction plays a crucial role in enhancing e-commerce search, filtering, and recommendation systems. However, prior visual attribute value extraction methods typically rely on both product images and textual information such as product descriptions and titles. In practice, text can be ambiguous, inaccurate, or unavailable, which can degrade model performance. We propose Mixture of Image Captioning Experts (MICE), a novel augmentation framework for product attribute value extraction. MICE leverages a curated pool of image captioning models to generate accurate captions from product images, resulting in robust attribute extraction solely from an image. Extensive experiments on the public ImplicitAVE dataset and a proprietary women’s tops dataset demonstrate that MICE significantly improves the performance of state-of-the-art large multimodal models (LMMs) in both zero-shot and fine-tuning settings. An ablation study validates the contribution of each component in the framework. MICE’s modular design offers scalability and adaptability, making it well-suited for diverse industrial applications with varying computational and latency requirements.

MICE: Mixture of Image Captioning Experts Augmented e-Commerce Product Attribute Value Extraction

Charts are ubiquitous as they help people understand and reason with data. Recently, various downstream tasks, such as chart question answering, chart2text, and fact-checking, have emerged. Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) show promise in tackling these tasks, but their evaluation is costly and time-consuming, limiting real-world deployment. While using LVLMs as judges to assess chart comprehension capabilities of other LVLMs could streamline evaluation processes, challenges like proprietary datasets, restricted access to powerful models, and evaluation costs hinder their adoption in industrial settings. To this end, we present a comprehensive evaluation of 13 open-source LVLMs as judges for diverse chart comprehension and reasoning tasks. We design both pairwise and pointwise evaluation tasks covering criteria like factual correctness, informativeness, and relevancy. Additionally, we analyze LVLM judges based on format adherence, positional consistency, length bias, and instruction-following. We focus on cost-effective LVLMs (<10B parameters) suitable for both research and commercial use, following a standardized evaluation protocol and rubric to measure the LVLM judge accuracy. Experimental results reveal notable variability: while some open LVLM judges achieve GPT-4-level evaluation performance (about 80\% agreement with GPT-4 judgments), others struggle (below ~10\% agreement). Our findings highlight that state-of-the-art open-source LVLMs can serve as cost-effective automatic evaluators for chart-related tasks, though biases such as positional preference and length bias persist.

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Small Language Models in the Real World: Insights from Industrial Text Classification

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