Austria

Theory of Mind (ToM) capabilities in LLMs have recently become a central object of investigation, sparking debates and discussions. In this position paper, we explore many lines of work in different communities in AI and cognitive science. Inspired by cognitive work, we view ToM tasks as a two-step process: (I) first, determining whether and how to invoke ToM, which includes setting the appropriate Depth of Mentalizing (DoM); and (II) second, applying correct inference given the appropriate DoM. We identify that many works about ToM in LLMs, such as benchmarks and add-on modules, tend to unjustly overlook the first step and focus exclusively on the second one, which can be framed as static logic problems. We support our empirical evidence about the difficulty of the different steps in existing benchmarks. We conclude with suggestions for improved evaluation of ToM capabilities, inspired by dynamic environments used in cognitive tasks in biological agents.

ACL 2025

Mind Your Theory: Theory of Mind Goes Deeper Than Reasoning

theory of mind

cognitive science

reasoning

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### Welcome to The 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025)

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*It is my great pleasure and honor to welcome you to the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025), held in beautiful Vienna, Austria, from July 27 to August 1, 2025. ACL2025continues our field’s tradition of excellence in scholarship, innovation, and inclusivity, and I am deeply grateful to the many volunteers who have worked tirelessly to bring this event to life.* 
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Welcome to The 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025)

Most function-calling benchmarks focus on single-turn interactions, overlooking the complexity of real-world scenarios. To quantify how existing benchmarks address practical applications, we introduce DICE-SCORE, a metric that evaluates the dispersion of tool-related information throughout the dialogue. Analyzing existing benchmarks through DICE-SCORE reveals notably low scores, highlighting the need for more realistic multi-round, multi-party scenarios. To address this gap, we present DICE-BENCH, a framework that constructs benchmark datasets by synthesizing conversations through a tool graph that maintains dependencies across rounds and a multi-agent system with distinct personas to enhance dialogue naturalness. The final dataset comprises 1,607 high-DICE-BENCH instances. Our experiments on 23 LLMs with DICE-BENCH show that significant advances are still required before such models can be deployed effectively in real-world settings.

DICE-BENCH: Evaluating the Tool-Use Capabilities of Large Language Models in Multi-Round, Multi-Party Dialogues

English-centric large language models (LLMs) often show strong multilingual capabilities. However, the multilingual performance of these models remains unclear and is not thoroughly evaluated for many languages. Most benchmarks for multilinguality focus on classic NLP tasks or cover a minimal number of languages. We introduce MEXA, a method for assessing the multilingual capabilities of pre-trained English-centric LLMs using parallel sentences, which are available for more languages than existing downstream tasks. MEXA leverages the fact that English-centric LLMs use English as a kind of pivot language in their intermediate layers. It computes the alignment between English and non-English languages using parallel sentences and uses it to estimate model performance in other languages. We conduct studies using various parallel datasets (FLORES-200 and Bible), models (Llama family, Gemma family, Mistral, and OLMo), and established downstream tasks (Belebele, m-MMLU, and m-ARC). We explore different methods to compute embeddings in decoder-only models. Our results show that MEXA, in its default settings, achieves a statistically significant average Pearson correlation of 0.90 with three established downstream tasks across nine models and two parallel datasets. This suggests that MEXA is a reliable method for estimating the multilingual capabilities of English-centric LLMs, providing a clearer understanding of their multilingual potential and the inner workings of LLMs. Leaderboard [anonymized.url] Code [anonymized.url]

MEXA: Multilingual Evaluation of English-Centric LLMs via Cross-Lingual Alignment

Most datasets for sentiment analysis lack context in which an opinion was expressed, often crucial for emotion understanding, and are mainly limited by a few emotion categories. Foundation large language models (LLMs) like GPT-4 suffer from over-predicting emotions and are too resource-intensive. We design an LLM-based data synthesis pipeline and leverage a large model, Mistral-7b, for the generation of training examples for more accessible, lightweight BERT-type encoder models. We focus on enlarging the semantic diversity of examples and propose grounding the generation into a corpus of narratives to produce non-repetitive story-character-centered utterances with unique contexts over 28 emotion classes. By running 700K inferences in 450 GPU hours, we contribute with the dataset of 100K contextual and also 300K context-less examples to cover both scenarios. We use it for fine-tuning pre-trained encoders, which results in several Emo Pillars models. We show that Emo Pillars models are highly adaptive to new domains when tuned to specific tasks such as GoEmotions, ISEAR, IEMOCAP, and EmoContext, reaching the SOTA performance on the first three. We also validate our dataset, conducting statistical analysis and human evaluation, and confirm the success of our measures in utterance diversification (although less for the neutral class) and context personalization, while pointing out the need for improved handling of out-of-taxonomy labels within the pipeline.

Emo Pillars: Knowledge Distillation to Support Fine-Grained Context-Aware and Context-Less Emotion Classification

Analyzing ideological discourse even in the age of LLMs remains a challenge, as these models often struggle to capture the key elements that shape real-world narratives. Specifically, LLMs fail to focus on characteristic elements driving dominant discourses and lack the ability to integrate contextual information required for understanding abstract ideological views. To address these limitations, we propose a framework motivated by the theory of ideological discourse analysis that constructs a vocabulary of repeating "talking points" from a corpus of news articles related to real-world events. Our framework contextualizes these talking points by analyzing the interaction between entities, their roles, and media frames to generate ideology-specific viewpoints (or partisan perspectives). We evaluate our framework’s ability to generate these perspectives through automated tasks— ideology and partisan classification tasks, supplemented by human validation. Additionally, we demonstrate straightforward applicability of our framework in creating event snapshots, a visual way of interpreting event discourse. We release resulting dataset and model to the community to support further research.

Talking Point based Ideological Discourse Analysis in News Events

The advanced role-playing capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled rich interactive scenarios, yet existing research in social interactions neglects hallucination while struggling with poor generalizability and implicit character fidelity judgments. To bridge this gap, motivated by human behaviour, we introduce a generalizable and explicit paradigm for uncovering interactive patterns of LLMs across diverse worldviews. Specifically, we first define interactive hallucination through stance transfer, then construct SHARP, a benchmark built by extracting relations from commonsense knowledge graphs and utilizing LLMs' inherent hallucination properties to simulate multi-role interactions. Extensive experiments confirm our paradigm's effectiveness and stability, examine the factors that influence these metrics, and challenge conventional hallucination mitigation solutions. More broadly, our work reveals a fundamental limitation in popular post-training methods for role-playing LLMs: the tendency to obscure knowledge beneath style, resulting in monotonous yet human-like behaviors—interactive hallucination.

SHARP: Unlocking Interactive Hallucination via Stance Transfer in Role-Playing LLMs

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have made rapid progress in reasoning across visual and textual data. While VLMs perform well on vision tasks that they are trained on, our results highlight key challenges in abstract pattern recognition. We present GlyphPattern, a 954 item dataset that pairs 318 human-written descriptions of visual patterns from 40 writing systems with three visual presentation styles.

GlyphPattern evaluates abstract pattern recognition in VLMs, requiring models to understand and judge natural language descriptions of visual patterns. GlyphPattern patterns are drawn from a large-scale cognitive science investigation of human writing systems; as a result, they are rich in spatial reference and compositionality. Our experiments show that GlyphPattern is challenging for state-of-the-art VLMs (GPT-4o achieves only 55% accuracy), with marginal gains from few-shot prompting. Our detailed analysis reveals errors at multiple levels, including visual processing, natural language understanding, and pattern generalization.

GlyphPattern: An Abstract Pattern Recognition for Vision-Language Models

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated notable capabilities across various tasks, showcasing complex problem-solving abilities. Understanding and executing complex rules, along with multi-step planning, are fundamental to logical reasoning and critical for practical LLM agents and decision-making systems. However, evaluating LLMs as effective rule-based executors and planners remains underexplored. In this paper, we introduce LogicGame, a novel benchmark designed to evaluate the comprehensive rule understanding, execution, and planning capabilities of LLMs. Unlike traditional benchmarks, LogicGame provides diverse games that contain a series of rules with an initial state, requiring models to comprehend and apply predefined regulations to solve problems. We create simulated scenarios in which models execute or plan operations to achieve specific outcomes. These game scenarios are specifically designed to distinguish logical reasoning from mere knowledge by relying exclusively on predefined rules. This separation allows for a pure assessment of rule-based reasoning capabilities. The evaluation considers not only final outcomes but also intermediate steps, providing a comprehensive assessment of model performance. Moreover, these intermediate steps are deterministic and can be automatically verified. LogicGame defines game scenarios with varying difficulty levels, from simple rule applications to complex reasoning chains, in order to offer a precise evaluation of model performance on rule understanding and multi-step execution. Utilizing LogicGame, we test various LLMs and identify notable shortcomings in their rule-based logical reasoning abilities.

LogicGame: Benchmarking Rule-Based Reasoning Abilities of Large Language Models

Grounding the reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs) for embodied tasks is challenging due to the complexity of the physical world. Especially, LLM planning for multi-agent collaboration requires communication of agents or credit assignment as the feedback to re-adjust the proposed plans and achieve effective coordination. However, existing methods that overly rely on physical verification or self-reflection suffer from excessive and inefficient querying of LLMs. In this paper, we propose a novel framework for multi-agent collaboration that introduces Reinforced Advantage feedback (ReAd) for efficient self-refinement of plans. Specifically, we perform critic regression to learn a sequential advantage function from LLM-planned data, and then treat the LLM planner as an optimizer to generate actions that maximize the advantage function. It endows the LLM with the foresight to discern whether the action contributes to accomplishing the final task. We provide theoretical analysis by extending advantage-weighted regression in reinforcement learning to multi-agent systems. Experiments on Overcooked-AI and a difficult variant of RoCoBench show that ReAd surpasses baselines in success rate, and also significantly decreases the interaction steps of agents and query rounds of LLMs, demonstrating its high efficiency for grounding LLMs. More results are given at https://read-llm.github.io/.

Towards Efficient LLM Grounding for Embodied Multi-Agent Collaboration

Identifying linguistic bias in text requires understanding what is said and what is meant. This requires going beyond what is being asserted directly, and determining what is presupposed. Large language models (LLMs) represent a potential automatic approach for identifying presupposed content, but it is unknown how well LLM judgments correspond to human judgments. Further, LLMs may exhibit their own biases in determining what is presupposed. To study this empirically, we prompt multiple LLMs to make presupposition judgments for texts of varying domains from three different human-labeled datasets. We calculate the agreement between LLMs and human raters, and find several linguistic factors associated with fluctuations in human-model agreement. We also observe discrepancies in agreement scores that indicate potential biases from LLMs, related to gender and political ideology.

Measuring Bias and Agreement in Large Language Model Presupposition Judgments

Effective nurse communication is vital for high-quality patient care, yet standardized patient (SP) simulations are costly and inflexible, and virtual patient (VP) systems often fail to adapt dynamically to trainees' communication skills. When a trainee responds ineffectively, the VP should escalate hostility or become uncooperative, yet most systems lack this adaptive capability. To address this, we introduce Adaptive-VP, an LLM-based framework that flexibly adjusts VP dialogue. Our framework includes a pipeline for constructing clinically grounded yet adaptable VP cases and implements a modular structure for evaluating trainee communication and dynamically adjusting VP responses, while ensuring learner safety. Specifically, we applied and validated Adaptive-VP by simulating challenging patient conversations. Automated evaluation of the corpus from practicing nurses showed that our evaluation mechanism mirrored real-world communication efficiency levels. Human evaluation with expert nurses further confirmed that Adaptive-VP generates more realistic and natural interactions than existing approaches, demonstrating its potential as a scalable and effective tool for nursing communication.

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DICE-BENCH: Evaluating the Tool-Use Capabilities of Large Language Models in Multi-Round, Multi-Party Dialogues

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Probing the Robustness of Theory of Mind in Large Language Models

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