Canada

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of death in older adults. Early and accurate diagnosis is vital but challenging due to complex clinical and physiological data. This study presents an AI framework using knowledge graphs and graph neural networks (GNNs) to improve CVD detection in elderly patients. We constructed feature-based knowledge graphs from three clinical datasets and modeled ECG signals as graphs using the PTB-XL dataset. Multiple GNN architectures—including GCN, GraphSAGE, GAT, and RGCN—were trained and compared. Our results show that GCN achieves the highest accuracy (ROC AUC: 0.78) for classifying CVD risk. The approach demonstrates the value of integrating graph-based methods for early, interpretable, and accurate CVD prediction in older adults.

Aging Powerfully: AI Blueprint for Chronic Disease Management and Social Determinants of Longevity

AI-Driven Early Detection of Cardiovascular Diseases Using Knowledge Graphs and GNNs for Elderly

elderly

electrocardiogram

cardiovascular disease

early detection

graph neural networks

knowledge graph

technical paper

2025 National Inter-University Health Data & AI Inquiry Program - this program is a unique project-based inquiry and science communication program that brings together students from diverse academic backgrounds and research interests. Presented research projects explore how generative AI is being applied to medication management, mental health screening, and chronic disease monitoring to align with the future of pharmacy practice.

2025 National Inter-University Health Data & AI Inquiry Program is a unique project-based inquiry and science communication program that brings together students from diverse academic backgrounds and research interests. 

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common, multifactorial endocrine disorder affecting 8–13% of women of reproductive age. It is associated with chronic metabolic, cardiovascular, and reproductive complications that contribute to accelerated biological aging. Due to its heterogeneity, standard diagnostic and treatment approaches often fail to capture the diverse pathophysiological mechanisms involved. To address this, we developed an integrative artificial intelligence (AI) framework to stratify PCOS patients into clinically meaningful subgroups and predict individualized treatments based on genetic, hormonal, and metabolic profiles. Clinical and biochemical data were sourced from the NHANES database, while SNP associations were derived from the GWAS Catalog and dbSNP. Pathway enrichment was conducted using Enrichr. Unsupervised clustering identified three phenotypic subtypes linked to inflammatory, metabolic, and neuroendocrine features, each with distinct pathway enrichments such as NF-κB signaling, nitric oxide regulation, and synaptic transmission. Supervised machine learning models, including Random Forest and XGBoost, were used to predict optimal treatments—such as metformin for insulin resistance and oral contraceptives for hyperandrogenism—with high performance (accuracy = 0.99, precision = 0.95, recall = 0.96). SHAP analysis confirmed biological interpretability, highlighting fasting glucose, insulin, BMI, and androgen biomarkers as key predictors. This study demonstrates the utility of AI-based stratification and treatment matching to enhance PCOS management and promote healthier aging in women.

AI-Driven Multi-Omics Approach for PCOS Subtyping and Drug Prediction to Advance Precision Women’s Healthy Aging

Falls present significant health consequences for older adults, increasing the risks of severe injury, hospitalization, and loss of independence. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) powered wearable devices have emerged as a promising fall detection and prevention technology, particularly for older adults living with chronic mobility impairments. The objective of this narrative review is to synthesize current evidence on AI-powered wearable systems for the detection and prevention of falls, with a focus on performance in real-world settings. PubMed, Google Scholar, and Omni were searched for studies published between 2018 and 2025. A total of 17 peer-reviewed articles were included in this review, meeting the following inclusion criteria: (1) study of adults 55 years and older, (2) utilization of AI tools with potential for real-world clinical translation, and (3) reporting of patient-relevant outcomes. The majority of evaluated technologies integrated inertial measurement units (IMU) and deep learning models (e.g., convolutional neural networks [CNN], long short-term memory [LSTM], or hybrid models). Edge computing based and multimodal sensor integrated systems reported the best performance with real-time results. Systems tested in realistic environments produced the strongest results. Commercially available products were notably poorer in performance in terms of sensitivity. Furthermore, several investigated studies did not account for the impacts of transparency and fairness. In conclusion, wearable technologies powered by AI show promise for fall detection and prevention for older adults, particularly in real-world environments. Prioritizing accessibility, equity, and incorporation into geriatric care should be the focus of future studies.

AI-Powered Wearable Sensors for Fall Detection in Older Adults

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder is characterized by β-amyloid plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles, leading to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Despite efforts to characterize and understand the pathogenesis AD, its etiology has not been well understood. This study aims to investigate the association between bacterial gut microbiota genus and AD outcomes. We compiled 327 samples (216 AD cases, 111 controls) from the GMrepo database. Using logistic regression, we analyzed the association between relative abundance of bacterial genera, adjusting for age and sex, to identify its link to AD. Results reveal distinct microbiome profiles in AD patients. We found higher abundances of Roseburia, Dorea, Ruminococcus, Streptococcus, Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia, Holdemania, Bilophila, Prevotella, and Collinsella in AD patients than controls. AD patients also have lower relative abundance of Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Alistipes, Parabacteroides, Coprococcus, and Dialister compared to healthy controls. In our regression model, Gemmingers and Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Ruminococcus were associated with increased odds of AD. On the other hand, Bacteroides, Coprococcus, and Alistipes were associated with reduced odds of AD. These findings suggest that gut microbiota may influence AD through neuroinflammation via the gut-brain axis. This study also provides evidence and foundation for future research into potentially utilizing microbiome-targeted or preventative intervention for AD management while emphasizing the need for large-scale longitudinal studies to better understand the dynamic changes of the gut microbiome and its mechanism to AD.

Association Between Gut-Microbiome and Alzheimer’s Disease: a Regression Analysis

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects aging populations. In Canada, PD impacts approximately 1 in every 500 people. The hallmark motor symptoms of PD include tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability, which increase the risk of falls. As the disease progresses, patients often experience a loss of mobility, independence, and overall quality of life, highlighting the urgent need for more efficient, innovative, and patient- centered approaches to care. One promising avenue is the application of artificial intelligence in PD management, particularly through the development of smart drug delivery systems. These technologies aim to modulate medication release in real time based on an individual’s fluctuating symptoms.This study explores supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques for the classification of Parkinson’s disease and the profiling of its motor symptoms using wrist-worn accelerometer data from the Parkinson’s Apple Watch Dataset. We first replicated a published supervised classification pipeline using the Bag-of-Symbolic-Fourier-Approximation-Symbols algorithm combined with Support Vector Machines. Our results closely matched the original study’s performance, validating the reliability and reproducibility of this approach for distinguishing PD from healthy controls and differential diagnoses.For unsupervised analysis, we extracted tremor-related features from filtered acceleration signals, including mean acceleration, amplitude envelope, and power spectral density metrics within the 3–12 Hz tremor band. Gaussian Mixture Models were used to identify latent tremor patterns, with the optimal number of clusters selected via the Bayesian Information Criterion. Dimensionality reduction using t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding enabled visual inspection of the resulting clusters.

Beyond Diagnosis: Enhancing Parkinson’s Disease Detection and Symptom Profiling Using Wearable Data

Dementia is largely underdiagnosed in early stages because cognitive and behavioural symptoms are often misattributed to aging. With global dementia cases on the rise, artificial intelligence offers a promising solution to support early detection. This study assesses whether easy-to-interpret white-box models can achieve diagnostic accuracy comparable to that of complex black-box models in dementia screening, striving to increase transparency without compromising predictive accuracy. With a sample of 358 adults from the OASIS-1 and OASIS-2 datasets, we trained white-box and black-box machine learning models on six clinical and demographic predictors of dementia: Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), age, sex, education, socioeconomic score, and normalized whole-brain volume (nWBV). The Black-box models included Random Forest, XGBoost, and k-Nearest Neighbours, and the white-box model used LASSO-regularized logistic regression. AI Models were evaluated using accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values for both binary and multiclass classification tasks. In general, black-box models performed slightly better; however, the white-box model achieved a notably strong binary sensitivity. This suggests that white-box models were particularly effective in identifying individuals with cognitive impairment based on their clinical and demographic characteristics. While white-box models did not perform as strongly as black-box models, especially in terms of multiclass accuracy, they may still be helpful in healthcare, as their transparency enables physicians to interpret and verify predictions. The study's findings emphasize the trade-off between performance and interpretability.

Comparing White-Box Versus Black-Box Predictive AI Models for Dementia Using OASIS Data

This research leverages deep learning techniques to investigate the connectivity between social determinants of health (SDoH) and chronic disease-related mortality and life expectancy globally. We integrated multiple datasets, including World Bank socioeconomic indicators, WHO global health estimates, and income inequality measures, spanning from 2000 to 2021. Using exploratory data analysis, we identified global trends and significant correlations between five chronic disease outcomes, Alzheimer’s, asthma, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and kidney diseases, and various socioeconomic factors. We implemented multiple predictive models, including linear regression, XGBoost, and recurrent neural networks, including Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), validated using 3-fold cross- validation. The parameters are selected using hyperparameter tuning techniques. XGBoost consistently outperformed other methods across diseases, achieving superior accuracy as measured by mean squared error (MSE) and coefficient of determination (R²). To ensure interpretability, SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) values were applied, highlighting influential socioeconomic factors like income inequality, diabetes prevalence, and life expectancy. Our analysis revealed distinct patterns based on income groups and geographic regions, emphasizing the necessity of specific public health strategies. This research uniquely contributes by integrating interpretable AI techniques, providing actionable insights into the socioeconomic drivers of chronic diseases, and guiding effective policy and intervention design aimed at promoting healthier aging populations worldwide.

Deep Learning Insights into Social Determinants of Chronic Disease and Longevity

Early, non-invasive detection of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) significantly benefits public health planning, yet existing diagnostic tools are invasive, expensive, or clinic-dependent. This research develops a machine learning (ML) pipeline leveraging spontaneous speech, an accessible biomarker, using the balanced ADReSS 2020 dataset. We extracted 22 acoustic-prosodic features (including MFCCs, spectral centroid/bandwidth, RMS energy, fundamental frequency) combined with demographic metadata. After winsorizing outliers and applying standard scaling, four supervised ML algorithms (Gaussian Naïve Bayes, Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine, and Gradient Boosting) were benchmarked. Optimal binning, novel to AD speech analysis, significantly enhanced Gradient Boosting performance, yielding 81.97% accuracy and ROC-AUC of 89.54%, outperforming other models by 7-30%. Feature analysis revealed pause- related spectral and pitch variability as key discriminators. Results indicate computationally efficient gradient boosting algorithms combined with optimal binning outperform complex deep learning models in interpretability and clinical feasibility, providing a strong foundation for practical, low-cost AD screening.

Detection of Alzheimer’s Dementia from Spontaneous Speech Using Gradient‑Boosted Classification

Introduction/Background: Chronic diseases and longevity are influenced by social determinants of health (SDOH) in urban environments where aging populations are more vulnerable to external stressors. This project examined how variations in SDOH impact disease risks and healthy life expectancy, and how these results could guide planning for healthier communities. Materials and Methods: We integrated records from the U.S. Census American Community Survey (ACS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) AirNow, and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Access databases into a unified dataset covering 6,607 entries. Twelve features captured key SDOH factors relevant to aging. Machine learning models were trained to predict a community health index reflecting chronic disease prevalence and healthy aging. Model performance was validated using R², Mean Squared Error (MSE), and external test sets. Key Findings/Results: The ANN achieved excellent predictive accuracy (R² = 0.9998). Feature importance analyses identified housing cost burden, broadband access, and crowding as top predictors of community health outcomes. An interactive digital twin platform enables users to simulate policy interventions and observe changes in disease risk and longevity. Conclusion: This study introduces an innovative approach that integrates multi source data and machine learning to guide urban and health planning. By enabling testing of interventions, it offers a new way to design environments that help aging populations live longer, healthier lives. Future research could build on this by incorporating real time data and causal models to enhance impact.

Digital Twin Cities: Simulating Aging Outcomes By Modifying Social Determinants of Health

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) are highly prevalent in aging populations, but current diagnostic processes remain invasive, costly, and inaccessible. This project proposes a novel, non-invasive, and interactive screening tool that takes handwriting data as input and implements a machine learning model to assess the risk of AD and PD. Handwriting data from the DARWIN dataset (n=174) was used to classify Alzheimer’s patients using logistic regression, feedforward neural networks (FNN), and random forest classifiers, with the random forest achieving the highest accuracy of 85.29%. For Parkinson’s detection, we employed spiral and wave drawings from multiple datasets and trained a convolutional neural network (CNN) using transfer learning with MobileNetV2, reaching a test accuracy of 81.25%. A graphical user interface (GUI) was developed to gamify the data collection process and deliver real-time predictions. The results are promising and suggest that drawing-based assessments can become a more accessible solution for early screening of neurodegenerative diseases in clinical and home environments.

Drawing To Diagnose: A Gamified Diagnostic Tool For Alzheimer’s And Parkinson’s Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive and irreversible loss of kidney function that affected about 753 million people globally in 2016. There are often no noticeable symptoms until it reaches later stages which makes early identification important for prevention. Diabetes mellitus is among the leading causes of chronic kidney disease worldwide, with an estimated 40\% of diabetic patients developing diabetic kidney disease. This project applies machine learning techniques to predict self-reported kidney disease risk in older diabetic individuals (ages 55+) using data from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). I used survey- based variables such as blood pressure, glycohemoglobin, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, and demographics to create a classification model. After preprocessing and engineering features related to age, blood pressure, and activity levels, I trained logistic regression and random forest classifiers to identify individuals at higher risk. The random forest model achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of 0.93, while the logistic regression model achieved an ROC AUC of 0.87. These results show that both models can effectively identify high-risk individuals. Feature importance analysis identified blood pressure, age, BMI, and diabetes status as leading predictors. This study demonstrates that machine learning can be used to improve early detection of CKD risk in aging diabetic populations.

AI-Driven Early Detection of Cardiovascular Diseases Using Knowledge Graphs and GNNs for Elderly

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AI-Driven Multi-Omics Approach for PCOS Subtyping and Drug Prediction to Advance Precision Women’s Healthy Aging

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