United States

Intelligence cognition, as a pivotal element in intelligence activities, encompasses a series of psychological processes, cognitive operations, and behavioral manifestations involved in the acquisition, processing, analysis, and utilization of intelligence throughout the entire process. This study reviews the current status of intelligence cognition research, explores the theoretical foundations of intelligence cognition， elucidates the cognitive components embedded in the intelligence research workflow, and identifies key issues that need to be addressed in the future field of intelligence cognition.

CogSci 2025

Research on Fundamental Issues of Intelligence Cognition

cognitive architectures

humanities

decision making

qualitative analysis

logic

### Welcome to The 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025)

Message from the General Chair:<br>
*It is my great pleasure and honor to welcome you to the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for  Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025), held in beautiful Vienna, Austria, from July 27 to August 1, 2025.  ACL2025continues our field’s tradition of excellence in scholarship, innovation, and inclusivity, and I am  deeply grateful to the many volunteers who have worked tirelessly to bring this event to life.*<br>
[Read more](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1GI_hvOpjswAuYdUTromfeDiPpCcqidwg/view?usp=sharing)<br><br><br>



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ACL 2025

Welcome to The 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025)

poster

### Welcome to CogSci Conference 2025!

The 47th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society was a hybrid meeting held in San Francisco. 

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#### About

The Cognitive Science Society brings together researchers from around the world who hold a common goal: understanding the nature of the human mind. The mission of the Society is to promote Cognitive Science as a discipline, and to foster scientific interchange among researchers in various areas of study, including Artificial Intelligence, Linguistics, Anthropology, Psychology, Neuroscience, Philosophy, and Education.

The Society is a non-profit professional organization and its activities include sponsoring an annual conference and publishing the journals Cognitive Science and TopiCS.

#### Our History 

* **Society Creation**<br>
The Society was incorporated as a 501(c)(3) non-profit professional organization in Massachusetts in 1979. The organizing committee included Roger Schank, Allan Collins, Donald Norman, and a number of other scholars from psychology, linguistics, computer science, and philosophy. 
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* **Conference Creation**<br>
The first conference on cognitive science was held at La Jolla, California in August, 1979, and has occurred annually since then. The proceedings of each conference are published, and those from most years are available through Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. The annual proceedings of the Cognitive Science Conference represent a major source of information on new work and new ideas in the scientific study of thinking. In 1990, the Society, with help from an anonymous donor, established the David Marr Prize for the best student paper at each annual meeting.
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* **Journal Creation**<br>
The Journal, Cognitive Science, began publication in 1976, and is now published by Wiley-Blackwell. The Executive Editor is currently Richard P. Cooper of Birkbeck, University of London, and there are 18 Associate Editors and a 30-member editorial board. It serves as the premier outlet for research reports that intersect two or more disciplines. Copyrights for articles published in the journal are held by the Society. The Governing Board of the Cognitive Science Society voted in late 2006 to found a new journal, Topics in Cognitive Science (topiCS). The Editor in Chief is Wayne Gray, Cognitive Science Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. The journal seeks to fill a niche not occupied by Cognitive Science Journal or other cognitive science journals. Membership in the Society includes a subscription to Cognitive Science and TopiCS. Copyrights for articles published in the journal are held by the Society.
<br><br>

#### Code of Conduct

By attending the CogSci 2025 Conference, you are required to adhere to the society’s **[Code of Conduct](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ChPuihLy6jE_BWqfO7J2KKgX35JW2zsM/view?usp=sharing)**.
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The 47th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society presents the latest research across cognitive science and highlights the theme of Cognition in Context.

Session-based recommendation aims to capture user intent from short-term, anonymous interaction sequences to recommend relevant items. From a cognitive science perspective, understanding user intent is closely tied to how humans process information, allocate attention, and make decisions under limited cognitive resources. While existing session-based methods mainly rely on ID-based modeling, such approaches face severe data sparsity and lack alignment with how users cognitively process information. Incorporating modality information can alleviate this issue. However, simple integration of ID and multimodal information often results in modality underfitting, limiting the effective use of multimodal features. To address these challenges, we propose SRIM(Session-based Recommendation with ID and Modality), a model that integrates ID and multimodal representations through a two-phase strategy: independent training followed by joint optimization. SRIM can better capture session-level intent by simulating users' actual perceptual contexts. Experiments on three real-world datasets demonstrate that SRIM significantly outperforms existing methods in session recommendation. The code for SRIM is available on GitHub {https://github.com/liang-tian-tian/SRIM}.

Capturing User Intent through Integration of Item ID and Modality Information in Session Recommendation

Multimodal sentiment analysis (MSA) recognizes human sentiments with various data modalities. Existing works primarily focus on efficient feature extractors for each modality or multimodal fusion frameworks. However, they do not exploit the sentiment-related prior knowledge in the human brain, limited in their performance when sentiment cues tend to be more implicit and ambiguous. To address this problem, we propose a rationale-guided prompt learning optimization framework (RaPo) inspired by the sentiment chains of biological brains. Specifically, we adopt a chain-of-thought prompt to analyze images with a large visual-language model, generate the corresponding contextual captions and rationales, which are then combined to derive the sentiment prompt. Finally, the prompt is used to optimize the RaPo framework through the designed rationale-guided prompt tuning. Experiments on several MSA tasks consistently show an outperformance of several state-of-the-art methods, with an average increase in accuracy by 2.8%.

A Brain-Inspired Multimodal Sentiment Analysis Framework via Rationale-Guided Representation

Previous research has shown that participants exhibit better memory performance when consciously closing eyes (EC) compared to keeping eyes open (EO). However, the underlying dynamical mechanism remains unclear. Here, we propose a reservoir computing (RC) algorithm based on EEG-derived  functional connectivity of  brain networks in resting state to simulate the brain’s memory processes and reproduce the EC-related memory advantage. Our findings indicate that, compared to EO-based connectivity, the RC constructed from EC-based resting-state connectivity demonstrates superior memory performance. Further graph-theoretical analysis reveals that the EC networks exhibit stronger modularity and the modularity index are positively correlated with  memory ability. Therefore, we conclude that the functional connectivity of whole brain underlies memory function and  the broad reorganization of connectivity in the EC state leads to its memory advantage over the EO state.

The increase in brain network modularity leads to improved memory performance in the volitional eyes-closed state

This study investigates Zipf's Law of Abbreviation (ZLA) across 155 writing systems, analyzing how visual complexity optimizes with information content at three linguistic levels: letters, n-grams, and words. Using perimetric and skeleton-length complexity metrics, we demonstrate that letters exhibit the strongest correlation (ρ = 0.2–0.4 in most languages), confirming their role as primary units of efficiency optimization. Larger units (n-grams/words) show weaker effects due to structural constraints. While alphabetic scripts (e.g., Latin-based) align robustly with ZLA, logographic (e.g., Chinese) and abugida (e.g., Kannada) systems reveal exceptions—some with near-zero or negative correlations—highlighting script-specific pressures like distinctiveness or historical preservation. Our findings refine ZLA by emphasizing visual (not just length-based) effort minimization and underscore letters as the fundamental locus of abbreviation effects. Limitations in script diversity and complexity metrics suggest future directions, including phylogenetic controls and perceptual complexity measures. This work advances the cross-linguistic study of writing system evolution under efficiency pressures.

Efficiency in Writing Systems: Testing Zipf’s Law of Abbreviation Across Letters, N-Grams, and Words

Understanding the cognitive mechanisms of loan borrowers at peer-to-peer (P2P) loan platforms is helpful for improving communication strategies during loan marketing. Recent research studies the cognition of loans based on field studies or interviews with limited research samples, which cannot gain comprehensive cognitive insights in real-world context. In this work, we use a concept mapping-driven method and a large amount of real-world data for loan cognitive analysis. We find that there are statistical differences between the concept mappings of loan borrowers who received lenders' support and those who did not. We also found the representative conceptual factors of borrowers that impact the lenders' decision-making. For example, lenders are more inclined to support borrowers who present a mindset focused on stability, adaptability, and purposeful transformation, whereas non-recipients often express uncertainty, lack of readiness, or superficial changes in their loan requests. Applicants with an abstract cognitive orientation tend to request loans with higher interest rates, in contrast to those with a more concrete conceptualization. In practice, loan borrowers and lenders can refer to the cognitive findings to support their marketing and decision-making.

Cognitive Mechanisms in Loan Marketing: Insights from Concept Mappings

Narratives and storytelling are proposed to be essential means through which humans acquire, preserve and transmit information about their environment. The current project investigated narrative transmission in the context of a multi-armed bandit task; an experimental paradigm that simulates an uncertain exploration-exploitation environment. Following the task, participants taught the next generation of players how to find rewards in the task by writing the ending to a folktale about two foragers, one explorer and one exploiter, living in the same environment.
Preliminary analyses indicate that whether participants chose to transmit a story that encouraged exploration, exploitation, both strategies, or neither, was best predicted by individual differences. Reported strategy or actual behaviour and performance in the task were not key predictors.
Future study plans include investigating how performance, behaviour and narrative transmission preferences are affected by receiving a narrative as learning material before the task compared to individual trial-and-error or factual descriptions.

Narrative Communication as a Learning Tool for Resolving Exploration-Exploitation Dilemmas

This norming study examines the metaphoricity of 99 English crossmodal expressions called “synesthetic metaphors”, such as sweet voice and vivid memory. American English speakers rated how metaphorical each of the synesthetic metaphors is and how easily the synesthetic meaning of the adjective can be separated from its original meaning (adjective ambiguity). The results revealed four key findings. (1) Some synesthetic metaphors were rated more metaphoric than others, and their metaphoricity was positively correlated with their adjective ambiguity. (2) Synesthetic metaphors with sensory nouns were rated as metaphorical as those with non-sensory nouns that are assumedly more metaphorical. (3) Synesthetic metaphors that combine taste and smell words were rated low in metaphoricity. (4) The emotional valence of the adjectives did not influence the metaphoricity of synesthetic metaphors. These findings suggest that, contrary to some previous proposals, some synesthetic metaphors do involve metaphorical mappings and are more than mere evaluative expressions.

Synesthetic Metaphors May Involve Conceptual Mappings

The time-varying appeal of an audiovisual stimulus cannot be directly observed because it is not only determined by the expression itself but also involves the viewer’s information processing. In this study, we attempted to reconstruct a time-varying common input that is an appeal to induce blink rate synchrony, i.e., blink rate is suppressed at appealing scenes. In the experiment, 44 (22 male and 22 female) university students watched two videos promoting a local area in Japan while detecting blinks using an eye-tracking device. The results showed that the reconstruction ability was less dependent on the embedding parameters. The results showed that the peak of the reconstructed common inputs did not always correspond to the most impressive scene. In the future, it would be beneficial to apply this method to physiological index data according to the type of attractiveness.

Reconstruction of Time-Varying Appeal Inputs that Induce Blink Rate Synchrony

Many deaf children first encounter a language in deaf schools, often experiencing adverse effects of late exposure on several aspects of language. Little is known about how late acquisition of sign language affects lexical sign acquisition and how the structural architecture of signs modulates this process. Here, we investigate the lexical development of late-signing children (N=11; MeanAge=84.7 months) through 8-week intervention using mobile-compatible web-app teaching lexical signs in Turkish Sign Language to investigate whether (1) children acquire basic signs during intervention and (2) phonological complexity influences this process. Preliminary results revealed a significant improvement in sign learning (β=1.7545, p<0.001) regardless of phonological complexity (ps>0.05). Findings underline the importance of accessible platforms to support language development for this population and extend previous work on the effect of phonological complexity on articulation accuracy during learning in hearing adults by showing its lack of influence in deaf children on 2-choice recognition without articulation.

An Intervention Program: Helping Deaf Children with Hearing Parents in Acquiring Turkish Sign Language

Light verb constructions (LVCs) are grammatical structures where a verb lacking semantic content combines with another structure (a noun phrase) to provide semantic value (e.g., take a photo). Previous cross-linguistic research shows LVCs are distinct from other verb types (Butt 2010), and that distinct representations are activated during verb comprehension (Richardson et al., 2003), but it remains unclear what representations, particularly of time, are activated during comprehension of LVCs. The present study manipulates the specific verb comprising the LVC (e.g., ‘turn attention to’ versus ‘dedicate attention to’) to probe whether one’s perception of the duration of that action is affected. We test different LVCs cross-linguistically, and in both bilingual second-language speakers and monolingual speakers of English. Preliminary findings indicate that the specific verb used in the LVC influences one’s perception of the duration of that action, with specific verbs generating interpretations of shorter durations while others much longer.

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