United States

In this paper, we investigate using large language models to generate accessible lay summaries of medical abstracts, targeting non-expert audiences. We assess the ability of models like GPT-4 and LLaMA 3-8B-Instruct to simplify complex medical information, focusing on layness, comprehensiveness, and factual accuracy. Utilizing both automated and human evaluations, we discover that automatic metrics do not always align with human judgments. Our analysis highlights the potential benefits of developing clear guidelines for consistent evaluations conducted by non-expert reviewers. It also points to areas for improvement in the evaluation process and the creation of lay summaries for future research.

NAACL 2025

Towards Understanding LLM-Generated Biomedical Lay Summaries

lay summarization

large language models

evaluation

### Welcome to 2025 Annual Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

Welcome to the 2025 meeting of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics! I am proud to help organize the first NAACL conference to carry the new name of our organization, one that emphasizes inclusion for all of the Americas. I am also pleased to welcome you to Albuquerque, New Mexico, a state whose unique blend of cultural influences will make for an excellent backdrop for NAACL 2025, especially with this year’s special theme on NLP in a Multicultural World. 
**[Continue reading...](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jX-qGhqVSZZCIrAnJaz798pflu5Irrdn/view?usp=sharing)**

*- Colin Cherry, Google, NAACL 2025 General Chair* 

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Welcome to 2025 Annual Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

workshop paper

Large Language Models have made impressive progress in the medical field. In medical dialogue scenarios, unlike traditional single-turn question-answering tasks, multi-turn doctor-patient dialogue tasks require AI doctors to interact with patients in multiple rounds, where the quality of each response impacts the overall model performance. In this paper, we propose PERT to re-explore values of multi-turn dialogue training data after the supervised fine-tuning phase by integrating a prefix learning strategy, further enhancing the response quality. Our preliminary results show that PERT achieves notable improvements on gynecological data, with an increase of up to 0.22 on a 5-point rating scale.

Prefix-Enhanced Large Language Models with Reused Training Data in Multi-Turn Medical Dialogue

While increasing patients' access to medical documents improves medical care, this benefit is limited by varying health literacy levels and complex medical terminology. Large language models (LLMs) offer solutions by simplifying medical information. However, evaluating LLMs for safe and patient-friendly text generation is difficult due to the lack of standardized evaluation resources. To fill this gap, we developed MeDiSumQA. MeDiSumQA is a dataset created from MIMIC-IV discharge summaries through an automated pipeline combining LLM-based question-answer generation with manual quality checks. We use this dataset to evaluate various LLMs on patient-oriented question-answering. Our findings reveal that general-purpose LLMs frequently surpass biomedical-adapted models, while automated metrics correlate with human judgment. By releasing MeDiSumQA on PhysioNet, we aim to advance the development of LLMs to enhance patient understanding and ultimately improve care outcomes.

MeDiSumQA: Patient-Oriented Question-Answer Generation from Discharge Letters

Medical notes contain a wealth of information related to diagnosis, prognosis, and overall patient care that can be used to help physicians make informed decisions. However, like any other data sets consisting of data from diverse demographics, they may be biased toward certain subgroups or subpopulations. Consequently, any bias in the data will be reflected in the output of the machine learning models trained on them. In this paper, we investigate the existence of such biases in Danish medical notes related to three types of blood cancer, with the goal of classifying whether the medical notes indicate severe infection. By employing a hierarchical architecture that combines a sequence model (Transformer and LSTM) with a BERT model to classify long notes, we uncover biases related to demographics and cancer types. Furthermore, we observe performance differences between hospitals. These findings underscore the importance of investigating bias in critical settings such as healthcare and the urgency of monitoring and mitigating it when developing AI-based systems.

Bias in Danish Medical Notes: Infection Classification of Long Texts Using Transformer and LSTM Architectures Coupled with BERT

Health literacy enables individuals to navigate healthcare systems and make informed decisions. Plain language summaries (PLS) can bridge comprehension gaps by simplifying complex biomedical texts, yet their manual creation is both time-consuming and challenging. This study advances the field by (1) constructing a novel corpus of paired technical and plain language texts from medical trial libraries, (2) developing machine learning classifiers to rapidly identify plain language features, and (3) establishing a multi-dimensional evaluation framework that integrates computational metrics with human expertise. We iteratively optimized prompts for diverse large language models (LLMs)---including GPT models, Gemini 1.5, DeepSeek-R1, and Llama-3.2---to generate PLS variants aligned with domain-specific guidelines. Our classifier achieved 97.5% accuracy in distinguishing plain from technical language, and the generated summaries demonstrated high semantic equivalence to expert-written versions.

Bridging the Gap in Health Literacy: Harnessing the Power of Large Language Models to Generate Plain Language Summaries from Biomedical Texts

Clinical documents are essential to patient care, but their complexity often makes them inaccessible to patients. Large Language Models (LLMs) are a promising solution to support the creation of lay translations of these documents, addressing the infeasibility of manually creating these translations in busy clinical settings. However, the integration of LLMs into medical practice in Germany is challenging due to data scarcity and privacy regulations. This work evaluates an open-source LLM for lay translation in this data-scarce environment using datasets of German synthetic clinical documents and real tumor board protocols. The evaluation framework used combines readability, semantic, and lexical measures with the G-Eval framework. Preliminary results show that zero-shot prompts significantly improve readability (e.g., FREde: 21.4 → 39.3) and few-shot prompts improve semantic and lexical fidelity. However, the results also reveal G-Eval's limitations in distinguishing between intentional omissions and factual inaccuracies. These findings underscore the need for manual review in clinical applications to ensure both accessibility and accuracy in lay translations. Furthermore, the effectiveness of prompting highlights the need for future work to develop applications that use predefined prompts in the background to reduce clinician workload.

Preliminary Evaluation of an Open-Source LLM for Lay Translation of German Clinical Documents

This paper presents an overview of the Perspective-aware Answer Summarization (PerAnsSumm) Shared Task on summarizing healthcare answers in Community Question Answering forums hosted at the CL4Health Workshop at NAACL 2025. In this shared task, we approach healthcare answer summarization with two subtasks: (a) perspective span identification and classification and (b) perspective-based answer summarization (summaries focused on one of the perspective classes). We
define a benchmarking setup for comprehensive evaluation of predicted spans and generated summaries. We encouraged participants to explore novel solutions to the proposed problem and received high interest in the task with 23 participating teams and 155 submissions. This paper describes the task objectives, the dataset, the evaluation metrics and our findings. We share the results of the novel approaches adopted by task participants, especially emphasizing the applicability of Large Language Models in this perspective-based answer summarization task.

Overview of the PerAnsSumm 2025 Shared Task on Perspective-aware Healthcare Answer Summarization

Healthcare community question-answering (CQA) forums provide multi-perspective insights into patient experiences and medical advice. Summarizations of these threads must account for these perspectives, rather than relying on a single "best" answer. This paper presents the participation of the WisPerMed team in the PerAnsSumm shared task 2025, which consists of two sub-tasks: (A) span identification and classification, and (B) perspectivebased summarization. For Task A, encoder models, decoder-based LLMs, and reasoningfocused models are evaluated under finetuning, instruction-tuning, and prompt-based paradigms. The experimental evaluations employing automatic metrics demonstrate that DeepSeek-R1 attains a high proportional recall (0.738) and F1-Score (0.676) in zero-shot settings, though strict boundary alignment remains challenging (F1-Score: 0.196). For Task B, filtering answers by labeling them with perspectives prior to summarization with Mistral-7B-v0.3 enhances summarization. This approach ensures that the model is trained exclusively on relevant data, while discarding non-essential information, leading to enhanced relevance (ROUGE-1: 0.452) and balanced factuality (SummaC: 0.296). The analysis uncovers two key limitations: data imbalance and hallucinations of decoder-based LLMs, with underrepresented perspectives exhibiting suboptimal performance. The WisPerMed team's approach secured the highest overall ranking in the shared task.

WisPerMed @ PerAnsSumm 2025: Strong Reasoning Through Structured Prompting and Careful Answer Selection Enhances Perspective Extraction and Summarization of Healthcare Forum Threads

Automated summarization of healthcare community question-answering forums is challenging due to diverse perspectives presented across multiple user responses to each question. The PerAnsSumm Shared Task was therefore proposed to tackle this challenge by identifying perspectives from different answers and then generating a comprehensive answer to the question. In this study, we address the PerAnsSumm Shared Task using two complementary paradigms: (i) a training-based approach through QLoRA fine-tuning of LLaMA-3.3-70B-Instruct, and (ii) agentic approaches including zero- and few-shot prompting with frontier LLMs (LLaMA-3.3-70B-Instruct and GPT-4o) and a Mixture-of-Agents (MoA) framework that leverages a diverse set of LLMs by combining outputs from multi-layer feedback aggregation. For perspective span identification/classification, GPT-4o zero-shot achieves an overall score of 0.57, substantially outperforming the 0.40 score of the LLaMA baseline. With a 2-layer MoA configuration, we were able to improve LLaMA performance up by 28% to 0.51. For perspective-based summarization, GPT-4o zero-shot attains an overall score of 0.42 compared to 0.28 for the best LLaMA zero-shot, and our 2-layer MoA approach boosts LLaMA performance by 32% to 0.37. Furthermore, in few-shot setting, our results show that the sentence-transformer embedding-based exemplar selection provides more gain than manually selected exemplars on LLaMA models, although the few-shot prompting is not always helpful for GPT-4o.

YaleNLP @ PerAnsSumm 2025: Multi-Perspective Integration via Mixture-of-Agents for Enhanced Healthcare QA Summarization

Large Foundation Models have displayed incredible capabilities in a wide range of domains and tasks. However, it is unclear whether these models match specialist capabilities without special training or fine-tuning. In this paper, we investigate the innate ability of foundation models as neurodegenerative disease specialists. Precisely, we use a language model, Llama-3.1, and a visual language model, Llama3-LLaVA-NeXT, to detect language specificity between Alzheimer's Disease patients and healthy controls through a well-known Picture Description task. Results show that Llama is comparable to supervised classifiers, while LLaVA, despite its additional "vision", lags behind.

On Large Foundation Models and Alzheimer's Disease Detection

The proliferation of wearable devices and sports monitoring apps has made tracking physical activity more accessible than ever. For individuals with Type 1 diabetes, regular exercise is essential for managing the condition, making personalized feedback particularly valuable. By leveraging data from physical activity sessions, NLP-generated messages can offer tailored guidance to help users optimize their workouts and make informed decisions. In this study, we assess several open-source pre-trained NLP models for this purpose. Contrary to expectations, our findings reveal that models fine-tuned on medical data or excelling in medical benchmarks do not necessarily produce high-quality messages.

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Mining Social Media for Barriers to Opioid Recovery with LLMs

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