United States

The development of multilingual large language models (LLMs) presents challenges in evaluating their safety across all supported languages. Enhancing safety in one language (e.g., English) may inadvertently introduce vulnerabilities in others. To address this issue, we implement a methodology for the automatic creation of red-teaming datasets for safety evaluation in Polish language. Our approach generates both harmful and non‑harmful prompts by sampling different risk categories and attack styles. We test several open-source models, including those trained on Polish data, and evaluate them using metrics such as Attack Success Rate (ASR) and False Reject Rate (FRR). The results reveal clear gaps in safety performance between models and show that better testing across languages is needed.

NAACL 2025

Rainbow-Teaming for the Polish Language: A Reproducibility Study

safety evaluation

multilingual llms

red teaming

workshop paper

### Welcome to 2025 Annual Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

Welcome to the 2025 meeting of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics! I am proud to help organize the first NAACL conference to carry the new name of our organization, one that emphasizes inclusion for all of the Americas. I am also pleased to welcome you to Albuquerque, New Mexico, a state whose unique blend of cultural influences will make for an excellent backdrop for NAACL 2025, especially with this year’s special theme on NLP in a Multicultural World. 
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*- Colin Cherry, Google, NAACL 2025 General Chair* 

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Welcome to 2025 Annual Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

Understanding the inner workings of neural embeddings, particularly in models such as BERT, remains a challenge because of their high-dimensional and opaque nature. This paper proposes a framework for uncovering the specific dimensions of vector embeddings that encode distinct linguistic properties (LPs). We introduce the Linguistically Distinct Sentence Pairs (LDSP-10) dataset, which isolates ten key linguistic features such as synonymy, negation, tense, and quantity. Using this dataset, we analyze BERT embeddings with various methods, including the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, mutual information, and recursive feature elimination, to identify the most influential dimensions for each LP. We introduce a new metric, the Embedding Dimension Impact (EDI) score, which quantifies the relevance of each embedding dimension to a LP. Our findings show that certain properties, such as negation and polarity, are robustly encoded in specific dimensions, while others, like synonymy, exhibit more complex patterns. This study provides insights into the interpretability of embeddings, which can guide the development of more transparent and optimized language models, with implications for model bias mitigation and the responsible deployment of AI systems.

Disentangling Linguistic Features with Dimension-Wise Analysis of Vector Embeddings

This study investigates the effectiveness of the action score, a metric originally developed for computer vision tasks, in estimating sample difficulty across various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Using transformer-based models, the action score is applied to sentiment analysis, natural language inference, and abstractive text summarization. The results demonstrate that the action score can effectively identify challenging samples in sentiment analysis and natural language inference, often capturing difficult instances that are missed by more established metrics like entropy. However, the effectiveness of the action score appears to be task-dependent, as evidenced by its performance in the abstractive text summarization task, where it exhibits a nearly linear relationship with entropy. The findings suggest that the action score can provide valuable insights into the characteristics of challenging samples in NLP tasks, particularly in classification settings. However, its application should be carefully considered in the context of each specific task and in light of emerging research on the potential value of hard samples in machine learning.

Difficulty Estimation in Natural Language Tasks with Action Scores

With the growing deployment of large language models (LLMs) across various applications, assessing the influence of gender biases embedded in LLMs becomes crucial. The topic of gender bias within the realm of natural language processing (NLP) has gained considerable focus, particularly in the context of English. Nonetheless, the investigation of gender bias in languages other than English is still relatively under-explored and insufficiently analyzed. In this work, We examine gender bias in LLMs-generated outputs for different languages. We use three measurements: 1) gender bias in selecting descriptive words given the gender-related context. 2) gender bias in selecting gender-related pronouns (she/he) given the descriptive words. 3) gender bias in the topics of LLM-generated dialogues. We investigate the outputs of the GPT series of LLMs in various languages using our three measurement methods. Our findings revealed significant gender biases across all the languages we examined.

Gender Bias in Large Language Models across Multiple Languages: A Case Study of ChatGPT

This paper discusses and contains offensive content. Language models (LMs) are used in decision-making systems and as interactive assistants. However, how well do these models making judgements align with the diversity of human values, particularly regarding social and moral norms? In this work, we investigate how inclusively LMs perceive norms across demographic groups (e.g., gender, age, and income). We prompt 11 LMs on rules-of-thumb (RoTs) and compare their outputs with the existing responses of 100 human annotators. We introduce the Absolute Distance Alignment Metric (ADA-Met) to quantify alignment on ordinal questions. We find notable disparities in LM responses, with younger, higher-income groups showing closer alignment, raising concerns about the representation of marginalized perspectives. Our findings highlight the importance of further efforts to make LMs more inclusive of diverse human values. The code and prompts are available on GitHub under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license.

How Inclusively do LMs Perceive Social and Moral Norms?

Cognitive textual and visual reasoning tasks, including puzzles, series, and analogies, demand the ability to quickly reason, decipher, and evaluate patterns both textually and spatially. Due to extensive training on vast amounts of human-curated data, large language models (LLMs) and vision language models (VLMs) excel in common-sense reasoning tasks, but still struggle with more complex reasoning that demands deeper cognitive understanding. We introduce NTSEBENCH, a new dataset designed to evaluate cognitive multimodal reasoning and problem-solving skills of large models. The dataset contains 2,728 multiple-choice questions, accompanied by a total of 4,642 images, spanning 26 categories. These questions are drawn from the nationwide NTSE examination in India and feature a mix of visual and textual general aptitude challenges, designed to assess intelligence and critical thinking skills beyond mere rote learning. We establish baselines on the dataset using state-of-the-art LLMs and VLMs. To facilitate a comparison between open-source and propriety models, we propose four distinct modeling strategies to handle different modalities—text and images—in the dataset instances. Accepted to NAACL Findings, submission number 715.

NTSEBENCH: Cognitive Reasoning Benchmark for Vision Language Models

Debating over conflicting issues is a necessary first step towards resolving conflicts. However, intrinsic perspectives of an arguer are difficult to overcome by persuasive argumentation skills. Proceeding from a debate to a deliberative process, where we can identify actionable options for resolving a conflict requires a deeper analysis of arguments and the perspectives they are grounded in - as it is only from there that one can derive mutually agreeable resolution steps. In this work we develop a framework for a deliberative analysis of arguments in a computational argumentation setup. We conduct a fine-grained analysis of perspectivized stances expressed in the arguments of different arguers or stakeholders on a given issue, aiming not only to identify their opposing views, but also shared perspectives arising from their attitudes, values or needs. We formalize this analysis in Perspectivized Stance Vectors that characterize the individual perspectivized stances of all arguers on a given issue. We construct these vectors by determining issue- and argument-specific concepts, and predict an arguer's stance relative to each of them. The vectors allow us to measure a modulated (dis)agreement between arguers, structured by perspectives, which allows us to identify actionable points for conflict resolution, as a first step towards deliberation.

From Argumentation to Deliberation: Perspectivized Stance Vectors for Fine-grained (Dis)agreement Analysis

The rapid development of large language models (LLMs), like ChatGPT, has resulted in the widespread presence of LLM-generated content on social media platforms, raising concerns about misinformation, data biases, and privacy violations, which can undermine trust in online discourse. While detecting LLM-generated content is crucial for mitigating these risks, current methods often focus on binary classification, failing to address the complexities of real-world scenarios like human-LLM collaboration. To move beyond binary classification and address these challenges, we propose a new paradigm for detecting LLM-generated content. This approach introduces two novel tasks: LLM Role Recognition (LLM-RR), a multi-class classification task that identifies specific roles of LLM in content generation, and LLM Influence Measurement (LLM-IM), a regression task that quantifies the extent of LLM involvement in content creation. To support these tasks, we propose LLMDetect, a benchmark designed to evaluate detectors' performance on these new tasks. LLMDetect includes the Hybrid News Detection Corpus (HNDC) for training detectors, as well as DetectEval, a comprehensive evaluation suite that considers five distinct cross-context variations and two multi-intensity variations within the same LLM role. This allows for a thorough assessment of detectors' generalization and robustness across diverse contexts. Our empirical validation of 10 baseline detection methods demonstrates that fine-tuned PLM-based models consistently outperform others on both tasks, while advanced LLMs face challenges in accurately detecting their own generated content. Our experimental results and analysis offer insights for developing more effective detection models for LLM-generated content. This research enhances the understanding of LLM-generated content and establishes a foundation for more nuanced detection methodologies.

Beyond Binary: Towards Fine-Grained LLM-Generated Text Detection via Role Recognition and Involvement Measurement

Social media offers the potential to provide detection of outbreaks or public health incidents faster than traditional reporting mechanisms. In this paper, we developed and tested a pipeline to produce alerts of influenza-like illness (ILI) using Twitter data. Data was collected from the Twitter API, querying keywords referring to ILI symptoms and geolocated to Wales. Tweets that described first-hand descriptions of symptoms (as opposed to non-personal descriptions) were classified using transformer-based language models specialised on social media (BERTweet and TimeLMs), which were trained on a manually labelled dataset matching the above criteria. After gathering this data, weekly tweet counts were applied to the regression-based Noufaily algorithm to identify exceedances throughout 2022. The algorithm was also applied to counts of ILI-related GP consultations for comparison. Exceedance detection applied to the classified tweet counts produced alerts starting four weeks earlier than by using GP consultation data. These results demonstrate the potential to facilitate advanced preparedness for unexpected increases in healthcare burdens.

Towards a Social Media-based Disease Surveillance System for Early Detection of Influenza-like Illnesses: A Twitter Case Study in Wales

This study explores the differences between textual and multimodal sentiment annotations on videos and their impact on transcript-based sentiment modelling. Using the UniC and CH-SIMS datasets which are annotated at both the unimodal and multimodal level, we conducted a statistical analysis and sentiment modelling experiments. Results reveal significant differences between the two annotation types, with textual annotations yielding better performance in sentiment modelling and demonstrating superior generalization ability. These findings highlight the challenges of cross-modality generalization and provide insights for advancing sentiment analysis.

Sentiment Analysis on Video Transcripts: Comparing the Value of Textual and Multimodal Annotations

A formidable challenge regarding scraped corpora of social media is the omission of whitespaces, causing pairs of words to be conflated together as one. In order for the text to be properly parsed and analyzed, these missing spaces must be detected and restored. However, it is particularly hard to restore whitespace in languages such as Hebrew which are written without vowels, because a conflated form can often be split into multiple different pairs of valid words. Thus, a simple dictionary lookup is not feasible. In this paper, we present and evaluate a series of neural approaches to restore missing spaces in scraped Hebrew social media. Our best all-around method involved pretraining a new character-based BERT model for Hebrew, and then fine-tuning a space restoration model on top of this new BERT model. This method is blazing fast, high-performing, and open for unrestricted use, providing a practical solution to process huge Hebrew social media corpora with a consumer-grade GPU. We release the new BERT model and the fine-tuned space-restoration model to the NLP community.

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Disentangling Linguistic Features with Dimension-Wise Analysis of Vector Embeddings

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