United States

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated remarkable generative abilities, producing coherent text even with long input sequences. 
In the medical domain, LLMs have opened new research questions about their ability to interpret complex medical documents and extract useful information for a variety of purposes. 
Recent work has shown promising LLM performance on generation and summarization of clinical reports, doctor-patient interactions, patient progress notes, etc.
In this paper, we evaluate a suite of open-source models ranging from 1B to 70B parameters on a recent discharge report summarization dataset through in-context learning and fine-tuning. 
We show that zero-shot 8B parameter models outperform past zero-shot work on this dataset, and that efficient fine-tuning of small 3B parameter models on fewer than 100 examples perform as well as large 70B parameter models used few-shot.

NAACL 2025

Efficient LLM Adaptation for Long Clinical Text Summarization

qlora

clinicalnlp

llms

in-context learning

fine-tuning

poster

### Welcome to 2025 Annual Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

Welcome to the 2025 meeting of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics! I am proud to help organize the first NAACL conference to carry the new name of our organization, one that emphasizes inclusion for all of the Americas. I am also pleased to welcome you to Albuquerque, New Mexico, a state whose unique blend of cultural influences will make for an excellent backdrop for NAACL 2025, especially with this year’s special theme on NLP in a Multicultural World. 
**[Continue reading...](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jX-qGhqVSZZCIrAnJaz798pflu5Irrdn/view?usp=sharing)**

*- Colin Cherry, Google, NAACL 2025 General Chair* 

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Welcome to 2025 Annual Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

Augmenting large language models (LLMs) with external context significantly improves their performance in natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, LLMs struggle to answer queries reliably when the provided context lacks information, often resorting to ungrounded speculation or internal knowledge. Groundedness, or the ability to generate responses strictly supported by the context, is essential for ensuring factual consistency and trustworthiness. This study focuses on detecting whether a given query is grounded in a document supplied in context before the computationally expensive answer generation by LLMs. This will potentially reduce both inference time and resource consumption. We show that lightweight, task-specific encoder models such as RoBERTa, fine-tuned on curated datasets, can achieve accuracy comparable to state-of-the-art LLMs such as Llama3 8B and GPT4 in groundedness detection while reducing inference latency by orders of magnitude.

Small Encoders Can Rival Large Decoders in Detecting Groundedness

Structured data, such as tables, graphs, and databases, play a critical role in plentiful NLP tasks such as question answering and dialogue system. Recently, inspired by Vision-Language Models, Graph Neutral Networks (GNNs) have been introduced as an additional modality into the input of Large Language Models (LLMs) to improve their performance on Structured Knowledge Grounding (SKG) tasks. However, those GNN-enhanced LLMs have the following limitations: (1) They employ diverse GNNs to model varying types of structured data, rendering them unable to uniformly process various forms of structured data. (2) The pretraining of GNNs is coupled with specific LLMs, which prevents GNNs from fully aligning with the textual space and limits their adaptability to other LLMs. To address these issues, we propose **L**arge **L**anguage and **S**tructured Data **A**ssistant (LLaSA), a general framework for enhancing LLMs' ability to handle structured data. Specifically, we represent various types of structured data in a unified hypergraph format, and use self-supervised learning to pretrain a hypergraph encoder, and a G-Former compressing encoded hypergraph representations with cross-attention. The compressed hypergraph representations are appended to the serialized inputs during training and inference stages of LLMs. Experimental results on multiple SKG tasks show that our pretrained hypergraph encoder can adapt to various LLMs and enhance their ability to process different types of structured data. Besides, LLaSA, with LoRA fine-tuning, outperforms previous SOTA method using full parameters tuning.

LLaSA: Large Language and Structured Data Assistant

General-purpose language models (LMs) are aligned to diverse user intents, but fall short when it comes to specific applications. While finetuning is the default method for customized alignment, human annotations are often unavailable in various customization scenarios. Based on the observation that one of the main issues of LM customization is constraint adherence, we investigate the feasibility of using constraints as a bridge from general LMs to customized ones. We investigate common constraints in NLP tasks, categorize them into three classes based on the types of their arguments, and propose a unified framework, ACT (Aligning to ConsTraints), to automatically produce supervision signals for user alignment with constraints. Specifically, ACT uses constraint verifiers, which are typically easy to implement in practice, to compute constraint satisfaction rate (CSR) of each response. It samples multiple responses for each prompt and collect preference labels based on their CSR automatically. Subsequently, ACT adapts the LM to the target task through a ranking-based learning process. Experiments on fine-grained entity typing, abstractive summarization, and temporal question answering show that ACT is able to enhance LMs' capability to adhere to different classes of constraints, thereby improving task performance comparable to or approaching that of finetuning with labeled data.

Aligning to Constraints for Data-Efficient Language Model Customization

In clinical trial design, baseline feature selection is one of the crucial tasks for characterizing study cohorts and ensuring accurate study outcomes. Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise in automating this process by analyzing trial data and identifying key features. To assess the capabilities of LLMs in generating appropriate baseline features for clinical trials, we create two datasets: *CT-Repo*, which contains baseline features from 1,690 clinical trials sourced from clinicaltrials.gov, and *CT-Pub*, a curated subset of 100 clinical trials with more detailed baseline features extracted from published studies. In this paper, we consider GPT-4o and LLaMa3-70B-Instruct models in three configurations: zero-shot, three-shot with a fixed set of examples, and three-shot using an adaptive set of examples based on Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) approach. We evaluate the model performance of baseline feature generation using the *LLM-as-a-Judge* framework. We further validate the LLM-as-a-judge evaluation on the CT-Pub dataset using assessments from human experts in a clinical trial. The results indicated that the RAG-based three-shot learning approach significantly improved performance by providing relevant, context-specific examples. This study marks an important initial advancement in using LLM for the robust design of clinical trials and observational studies.

Are Large Language Models Effective in Clinical Trial Design? A Study on Baseline Feature Generation

In this paper, we present HALLUCANA, a canary lookahead to detect and correct factual hallucinations of Large Language Models (LLMs) in long-form generation. HALLUCANA detects and intervenes as soon as traces of hallucination emerge, during and even before generation. To support timely detection, we exploit the internal factuality representation in the LLM hidden space, where we investigate various proxies to the LLMs’ factuality self-assessment, and discuss its relation to the models’ context familiarity from their pre-training. On biography generation, our method improves generation quality by up to 2.5x, while consuming over 6 times less compute.

HALLUCANA: Fixing LLM Hallucination with A Canary Lookahead

In this paper, we propose a system designed to process and interpret vague, open-ended, and multi-line complex natural language queries, transforming them into coherent, actionable data stories. Our system's modular architecture comprises five components—Question Generation, Answer Generation, NLG/Chart Generation, Chart2Text, and Story Representation—each utilizing LLMs to transform data into human-readable narratives and visualizations. Unlike prior art, our system uniquely addresses the ambiguity of vague, multi-line queries, setting a new benchmark in data storytelling by tackling complexities no existing system comprehensively handles. Our system is cost-effective which uses open-source models without extra training, and emphasizes transparency by showcasing end-to-end processing and intermediate outputs. This enhances explainability, builds user trust, and clarifies the data story generation process.

Goal-Driven Data Story, Narrations and Explanations

Many endangered languages are at risk of extinction due to barriers in communication and generational gaps that hinder their preservation. A cause for languages becoming endangered is the lack of language educational tools and artificial intelligence (AI) models for these low-resource languages. To address this, we propose the ATAIGI learning app designed with AI-powered models leveraging multimodal generative techniques. Our app offers users a comprehensive learning experience by providing translated phrases and definitions, example sentences, illustrative images, romanized pronunciation, and audio speech to accelerate language learning. ATAIGI is built on five AI models that are rigorously benchmarked individually, with our Transliteration Model achieving state-of-the-art results for Taiwanese Hokkien transliteration. ATAIGI is available for all to learn the endangered language of Taiwanese Hokkien, an endangered language spoken in Taiwan. A human evaluation conducted demonstrates the effectiveness of ATAIGI in improving language proficiency and cultural understanding, supporting its potential for the preservation and education of endangered languages like the Taiwanese Hokkien.

ATAIGI: An AI-Powered Multimodal Learning App Leveraging Generative Models for Low-Resource Taiwanese Hokkien

The rapid proliferation of large language models (LLMs) in natural language processing (NLP) has created a critical need for techniques that enable efficient deployment on memory-constrained devices without compromising performance. We present a method to prune LLMs that selectively prunes model blocks based on an importance score and replaces them with a low-parameter replacement strategy. Specifically, we propose a principled metric to replace each pruned block using a weight-sharing mechanism that leverages unpruned counterparts from the model and block-specific low-rank adapters. Furthermore, we facilitate the learning of these replacement blocks with output feature normalization and an adapter initialization scheme built on low-rank SVD reconstructions. Empirical evaluations demonstrate substantial performance gains over existing methods, achieving state-of-the-art performance on 5/6 benchmarks for a compression rate of 30% and 6/6 benchmarks for a compression rate of 40%. We also demonstrate that our approach can extend smaller models, boosting performance on 6/6 benchmarks using only ~0.3% tokens of extended training with minimal additional parameter costs.

FlexiGPT: Pruning and Extending Large Language Models with Low-Rank Weight Sharing

As concern for privacy rights has grown and the size of language model training datasets has expanded, research into machine unlearning for large language models (LLMs) has become crucial. Before the era of LLMs, research on machine unlearning mainly focused on classification tasks in small parameter models. However, as parameter sizes have grown and unlearning targets have become more complex, unlearning has become more challenging, especially in scenarios involving generation instead of classification, as the output space of such models is significantly larger and more diverse. Existing methods based on gradient ascent and its variants often struggle with balancing forget quality and model utility, leading to either over unlearning or partial unlearning. To address this challenge, we propose Reverse KL-Divergence based Knowledge Distillation for Unlearning (RKLU), a novel unlearning method for LLMs. RKLU focuses on precisely unlearning the components of the token distribution related to the unlearning target, allowing us to achieve significant forget quality while maintaining model utility in our experiments.

Balancing Forget Quality and Model Utility: A Reverse KL-Divergence Knowledge Distillation Approach for Better Unlearning in LLMs

Low-resource relation extraction aims to identify semantic relationships between entities using scarce labeled data. Recent studies exploit large language models to recognize relations based on retrieved examplars, yielding promising results. However, the reliability of predictions from these methods is constrained by the presence of irrelevant context within demonstrations and the inherent flaws of large language models in producing undesired outputs. Inspired by the precision and generalization of abstract logic, in this paper, we propose distilling logical rules to uniformly represent task knowledge sourced from distinct origins and facilitate deductive reasoning. We develop a collaborative annotating framework that iteratively integrates high-confidence predictions of rule-enhanced relation extractors with varying scales, efficiently obtaining reliable pseudo annotations from massive unlabeled samples without human supervision. Experiments under two inference settings show that our approach achieves new state-of-the-art performance on benchmark datasets in few-shot scenarios.

Next from NAACL 2025

Small Encoders Can Rival Large Decoders in Detecting Groundedness

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