United States

Statistical agencies rely on sampling techniques to collect socio-demographic data crucial for policy-making and resource allocation. This paper shows that surveys of important societal relevance introduce sampling errors that unevenly impact group-level estimates, thereby compromising fairness in downstream decisions. To address these issues, this paper introduces an optimization approach modeled on real-world survey design processes, ensuring sampling costs are optimized while maintaining error margins within prescribed tolerances. Additionally, privacy-preserving methods used to determine sampling rates can further impact these fairness issues. The paper explores the impact of differential privacy on the statistics informing the sampling process, revealing a surprising effect: not only the expected negative effect from the addition of noise for differential privacy is negligible, but also this privacy noise can in fact reduce unfairness as it positively biases smaller counts.
These findings are validated over an extensive analysis using datasets commonly applied in census statistics.

AAAI 2025

Fairness Issues and Mitigations in (Differentially Private) Socio-Demographic Data Processes

technical paper

We are pleased to announce the Thirty-Ninth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-25), which will be held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at the Pennsylvania Convention Center from February 25 to March 4, 2025.

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-25 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and a range of other activities to be announced.

### [Invited Speakers](https://aaai.org/conference/aaai/aaai-25/aaai-25-invited-speakers/)

Register [here](https://aaai.org/conference/aaai/aaai-25/registration/)

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-25 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and a range of other activities to be announced.



The metro flow in Urban Rail Transit Systems (URTS) differs from other urban traffic flows because it is characterized by: (1) highly predetermined scheduling; and (2) interactively dynamic dependencies over the fixed physical infrastructure that vary with spatiotemporal and environmental factors. Notwithstanding the advances in graph neural networks, existing efforts fail to fully capture the characteristics and complex spatiotemporal dynamics specific to metro flow, as the innate graph-aware interactions underlying a metro flow are frequently affected by an amalgamation of: intrinsic connectivity, environmental associations, and flow-activated correlation, which usually dynamically evolve over time while containing redundant signals. We propose $\textbf{ReDyNet}$, a novel $\textbf{Re}$sponsive $\textbf{Dy}$namic Graph Neural $\textbf{Net}$work to accurately understand the spatiotemporal dynamics of metro flow and external factors. Specifically, it employs a responsive mechanism that adapts to variations in metro flow and external influences, ensuring the construction of an appropriate dynamic graph. In addition, ReDyNet follows the merits of information bottleneck (IB) theory with redundancy disentanglement to enhance the clarity and precision of contextual spatial signals. Our experiments conducted on three real-world metro passenger flow datasets demonstrate that the proposed ReDyNet outperforms several representative baselines.

Responsive Dynamic Graph Disentanglement for Metro Flow Forecasting

The Retrieval-Augmented Language Model (RALM) has shown remarkable performance on knowledge-intensive tasks by incorporating external knowledge during inference, which mitigates the factual hallucinations inherited in large language models (LLMs). Despite these advancements, challenges persist in the implementation of RALMs, particularly concerning their reliability and traceability. To be specific, the irrelevant document retrieval may result in unhelpful response generation or even deteriorate the performance of LLMs, while the lack of proper citations in generated outputs complicates efforts to verify the trustworthiness of the models. To this end, we propose a novel self-reasoning framework aimed at improving the reliability and traceability of RALMs, whose core idea is to leverage reasoning trajectories generated by the LLM itself. The framework involves constructing self-reason trajectories with three processes: a relevance-aware process, an evidence-aware selective process, and a trajectory analysis process. We evaluated our framework across four public datasets (two short-form QA datasets, one long-form QA dataset, and one fact verification dataset) to demonstrate its superiority. Our method can outperform existing state-of-art models and achieve performance comparable with GPT-4, while only using 2,000 training samples.

Improving Retrieval Augmented Language Model with Self-Reasoning

This paper presents fast and exact methods for computing the probability of acceptance of an argument using Dung's semantics in the Constellation paradigm of Abstract Argumentation. 
For (directed) Singly-Connected Graphs (SCGs), the problem can now be solved in linearithmic time instead of being exponential in the number of attacks, as reported in the literature.  
Moreover, in the more general case of (directed) Acyclic Graphs (AGs), we provide an algorithm whose time complexity is linearithmic in the product of the out-degree of dependent arguments, i.e., arguments reaching the argument considered for acceptance through multiple paths in the graph. 
We theoretically show that this complexity is lower than the lower-bound of the (exact) Constellation method, which is also supported by empirical results. 
We also compare our approach on AGs with the (approximate) Monte-Carlo method, which is stopped when our approach obtains the exact results. Within this time constraint, Monte-Carlo still outputs significant errors, underlying the fast computation of our approach.

Fast Computing of Dung Semantics in Acyclic Probabilistic Argumentation Frameworks

Decision-focused learning (DFL) offers an end-to-end approach to the predict-then-optimize (PO) framework by training predictive models directly on decision loss (DL), enhancing decision-making performance within PO contexts.
However, the implementation of DFL poses distinct challenges. Primarily, the decision loss can result in deviation from the physical significance of the predictions under limited data. Additionally, some prediction models are non-differentiable or black-box, which cannot be adjusted using gradient-based methods.

To tackle those challenges, we propose a novel framework, Decision-Focused Fine-tuning (DFF), which embeds the DFL module into the PO pipeline via a novel bias correction module. DFF is formulated as a constrained optimization problem that maintains the proximity of the DL-enhanced model to the original prediction model within a defined trust region. We theoretically prove that DFF strictly confines prediction bias within a predetermined upper bound, even with limited datasets, thereby substantially reducing prediction shifts caused by DL under limited data. Furthermore, the bias correction module can be integrated into diverse prediction models, enhancing adaptability to a broad range of PO tasks. Extensive evaluations on synthetic and real-world datasets, including network flow, portfolio optimization, and resource allocation problems with different prediction models, demonstrate that DFF not only improves decision performance but also adheres to fine-tuning constraints, showcasing robust adaptability across various scenarios.

DFF: Decision-Focused Fine-Tuning for Smarter Predict-Then-Optimize with Limited Data

Even though data annotation is extremely important for interpretability, research, and development of artificial intelligence solutions, annotating data remains costly. Research efforts such as active learning or few-shot learning alleviate the cost by increasing sample efficiency, yet the problem of annotating data more quickly has received comparatively little attention. Leveraging a predictor has been shown to reduce annotation cost in practice but has not been theoretically considered. We ask the following question: to annotate a binary classification dataset with $N$ samples, can the annotator answer less than $N$ yes/no questions? Framing this question-and-answer (Q\&A) game as an optimal encoding problem, we find a positive answer given by the Huffman encoding of the possible labelings. Unfortunately, the algorithm is computationally intractable even for small dataset sizes. As a practical method, we propose to minimize a cost function a few steps ahead, similarly to lookahead minimization in optimal control. This solution is analyzed, compared with the optimal one, and evaluated using several synthetic and real-world datasets. The method allows a significant improvement ($23-86\%$) in the annotation efficiency of real-world datasets.

Optimal and Efficient Binary Questioning for Accelerated Annotation

Group Equivariant Convolution (GConv) can effectively handle rotational symmetry data.
They assume uniform and strict rotational symmetry across all features, as the transformations under the specific group. 
However, real-world data rarely conforms to strict rotational symmetry commonly referred to as Rotational Symmetry-Breaking in the system or dataset, making GConv unable to adapt effectively to this phenomenon. 
Motivated by this, we propose a simple but highly effective method to address this problem, which utilizes a set of learnable biases called the $G$-Biases under the group order to break strict group constraints and achieve $\textbf{R}$elaxed $\textbf{R}$otational $\textbf{E}$quivarant $\textbf{Conv}$olution (RREConv). 
We conduct extensive experiments to validate Relaxed Rotational Equivariance on rotational symmetry groups $\mathcal{C}_n$ (e.g. $\mathcal{C}_2$, $\mathcal{C}_4$, and $\mathcal{C}_6$ groups). 
Further experiments demonstrate that our proposed RREConv-based methods achieve excellent performance, compared to existing GConv-based methods in classification and detection tasks on natural image datasets.

Relaxed Rotational Equivariance via G-Biases in Vision

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have emerged as an effective tool for fraud detection, identifying fraudulent users, and uncovering malicious behaviors. However, attacks against GNN-based fraud detectors and their risks have rarely been studied, thereby leaving potential threats unaddressed. Recent findings suggest that frauds are increasingly organized as gangs or groups. In this work, we design attack scenarios where fraud gangs aim to make their fraud nodes misclassified as benign by camouflaging their illicit activities in collusion. Based on these scenarios, we study adversarial attacks against GNN-based fraud detectors by simulating attacks of fraud gangs in three real-world fraud cases: spam reviews, fake news, and medical insurance frauds. We define these attacks as multi-target graph injection attacks and propose MonTi, a transformer-based Multi-target one-Time graph injection attack model. MonTi simultaneously generates attributes and edges of all attack nodes with a transformer encoder, capturing interdependencies between attributes and edges more effectively than most existing graph injection attack methods that generate these elements sequentially. Additionally, MonTi adaptively allocates the degree budget for each attack node to explore diverse injection structures involving target, candidate, and attack nodes, unlike existing methods that fix the degree budget across all attack nodes. Experiments show that MonTi outperforms the state-of-the-art graph injection attack methods on five real-world graphs.

Unveiling the Threat of Fraud Gangs to Graph Neural Networks: Multi-Target Graph Injection Attacks Against GNN-Based Fraud Detectors

The generalization problem is broadly recognized as a critical challenge in detecting deepfakes. Most previous work believes that the generalization gap is caused by the differences among various forgery methods. However, our investigation reveals that the generalization issue can still occur even when the forgery techniques are identical or similar. In this work, we identify two biases that detectors may also be prone to overfitting: position bias and content bias, as depicted in Fig. 1. For the position bias, we observe that detectors are prone to ``lazily" depending on the specific positions within an image (e.g., central regions even no forgery). As for content bias, we argue that detectors may potentially and mistakenly utilize forgery-unrelated information for detection (e.g., background and hair). To intervene in these biases, we propose two branches for shuffling and mixing with tokens in the latent space of transformers. For the shuffling branch, we rearrange the tokens and corresponding position embedding for each image while maintaining the local correlation. For the mixing branch, we randomly select and mix the tokens in the latent space between two images with the same label within the mini-batch to recombine the content information. During the learning process, we align the outputs of detectors from different branches in both feature space and logit space. Contrastive losses for features and divergence losses for logits are applied to obtain unbiased feature representation and classifiers. We demonstrate and verify the effectiveness of our method through extensive experiments on widely used evaluation datasets.

Exploring Unbiased Deepfake Detection via Token-Level Shuffling and Mixing

The domain of non-line-of-sight (NLOS) imaging is advancing rapidly, offering the capability to reveal occluded scenes that are not directly visible. However, contemporary NLOS systems are confronted with several significant challenges: (1) The computational and storage requirements are profound due to the inherent three-dimensional grid data structure, impeding practical application. (2) The simultaneous reconstruction of albedo and depth information requires a delicate balance using hyper-parameters in the loss function, rendering the concurrent reconstruction of texture and depth information difficult. This paper introduces an innovative methodology to overcome these obstacles. The proposed technique, DG-NLOS, integrates two branches: an albedo-focused reconstruction branch dedicated to the recovery of albedo information, and a depth-focused reconstruction branch that extracts geometrical details. The dual-branch framework segregates content delivery to the respective reconstructions, thereby enhancing the quality of the retrieved data. Moreover, we employ the graph as a fundamental component to transform dense NLOS grid data into sparse structural features for efficient reconstruction. In essence, DG-NLOS demonstrates robustness in realistic scenarios by adeptly handling various types of corruption in NLOS reconstruction tasks, including different noise levels, multiple blur kernels, and variations in temporal resolution. The code will be made available.

Dual-branch Graph Feature Learning for NLOS Imaging

Pansharpening aims to combine a high-resolution panchromatic (PAN) image with a low-resolution multispectral (LRMS) image to produce a high-resolution multispectral (HRMS) image. Although pansharpening in the frequency domain offers clear advantages, most existing methods either continue to operate solely in the spatial domain or fail to fully exploit the benefits of the frequency domain. To address this issue, we innovatively propose Multi-Frequency Fusion Attention (MFFA), which leverages wavelet transforms to cleanly separate frequencies and enable lossless reconstruction across different frequency domains. Then, we generated Frequency-Query, Spatial-Key, and Fusion-Value based on the physical meanings represented by different features, which enables more effective capture of specific information in the frequency domain. Additionally, we focus on the preservation of frequency features across different operations. On a broader level, our network employs a wavelet pyramid to progressively fuse information across multiple scales. Compared to previous frequency domain approaches, our network better prevents confusion and loss of different frequency features during the fusion process. Quantitative and qualitative experiments on multiple datasets demonstrate that our method outperforms existing approaches and shows significant generalization capabilities for real-world scenarios. Code will be provided after acceptance.

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Responsive Dynamic Graph Disentanglement for Metro Flow Forecasting

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Responsive Dynamic Graph Disentanglement for Metro Flow Forecasting

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