United States

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data is a widely used kind of four-dimensional biomedical data, which requires effective compression. However, fMRI compressing poses unique challenges due to its intricate temporal dynamics, low signal-to-noise ratio, and complicated underlying redundancies. This paper reports a novel compression paradigm specifically tailored for fMRI data based on Implicit Neural Representation (INR). The proposed approach focuses on removing the various redundancies among the time series by employing several methods, including (i) conducting spatial correlation modeling for intra-region dynamics, (ii) decomposing reusable neuronal activation patterns, and (iii) using proper initialization together with nonlinear fusion to describe the inter-region similarity. This scheme appropriately incorporates the unique features of fMRI data, and experimental results on publicly available datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, surpassing state-of-the-art algorithms in both conventional image quality evaluation metrics and fMRI downstream tasks. This work in this paper paves the way for sharing massive fMRI data at low bandwidth and high fidelity. The source code will be released upon acceptance of the paper.

AAAI 2025

A Compact Implicit Neural Representation for Efficient Storage of Massive 4D Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Colleagues and Friends:

I am very happy to welcome you to the 14th annual Canadian Neuroscience Meeting, and to the first virtual edition of our meeting. I want to highlight the important work the CAN meeting chair, **Roger Thompson** and co-chair, **Alyson Fournier**, did to put together the great program we are offering this year. Moving to a virtual format required a complete re-design of the program, and both Roger and Alyson did a splendid job in providing us with an appealing and well adapted program for our first virtual event. I wish to thank them for this very important effort.

Highlights of this year’s scientific meeting include invited speakers **Michael Hausser, Franck Polleux, Gwyneth Card, Magdalena Götz**and Brain Prize winner **Huda Zoghbi**. Plenary and parallel symposia, proposed by our members complete our diverse [scientific program.](https://can-acn.org/meeting-2021/program-2021/)

The 2021 Advocacy session, chaired and organized by CAN advocacy committee chair **Karun Singh**, will feature a special lecture and question period with Member of Parliament and past Science Minister **Kirsty Duncan**. This will be followed by a short overview of CAN’s advocacy activities over the last year. We invite you to participate in this session for insight from Dr. Duncan on the workings of Parliament Hill, and to learn more about what CAN has been doing to promote neuroscience research in Canada.

We are also excited to host **Lisa Willis** in the Equity Diversity and Inclusion session, organized by EDI committee chair **Jibran Khokhar**.

A special highlight of our meeting will be the lectures by award-winning young neuroscientists. We are please to host the CAN 2020 Young Investigator Award winner **Mihaela Iordanova**, and CAN 2021 Young Investigator Award winners **Aaron Phillips** and **Tabrez Siddiqui**. Highlights will also include presentation by the top three winners of the CAN-CIHR-INMHA Brain Star Award winners, **Claire Gizowski, Nuria Daviu Abant** and **Lukas Tamayo-Orrego**.

Independently organized satellite symposia complement and complete this exciting program, check them out here: https://can-acn.org/meeting-2021/2021-satellite-symposia/

Some of the most engaging sessions are always the poster sessions featuring the work of our trainees, so make sure to log in to Gather Town during the poster sessions to chat with the presenters.
We hope you enjoy this program, and look forward to welcoming you, virtually.

Shernaz Bamji

President of the Canadian Association for Neuroscience

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/b9aea25343a87d5aac3b9367dc780974.jpg)



Please head to https://can-acn.org/meeting-2021/registration-2021/ to register. 

CAN-ACN 2021

14th Canadian Neuroscience Meeting from August 23rd-25th

poster

We are pleased to announce the Thirty-Ninth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-25), which will be held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at the Pennsylvania Convention Center from February 25 to March 4, 2025.

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-25 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and a range of other activities to be announced.

### [Invited Speakers](https://aaai.org/conference/aaai/aaai-25/aaai-25-invited-speakers/)

Register [here](https://aaai.org/conference/aaai/aaai-25/registration/)

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-25 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and a range of other activities to be announced.



Scene Graph Generation (SGG) aims to detect all objects and identify their pairwise relationships existing in the scene. Considering the substantial human labor costs, existing scene graph annotations are often sparse and biased, which result in confusion training with low-frequency predicates. In this work, we design a Semi-Supervised Clustering framework for Scene Graph Generation (SSC-SGG) that uses the sparse labeled data to guide the generation of effective pseudo-labels from unlabeled object pairs, thus enriching the labeled sample space, especially for low-frequency interaction samples. We approach from the perspective of clustering, reducing the problem of confirmation bias in a self-training manner. Specifically, we first enhance the model's robustness to feature extraction via prototype-based clustering, aggregating different relationship augmented features onto the same prototype. Secondly, we design a dynamic pseudo-label assignment algorithm based on a mini-batch, which adjusts the detection sensitivity to different frequency samples from the historical assignment. Finally, we conduct joint training on the pseudo-labels and the labeled data. We conduct experiments on various SGG models and achieve substantial overall performance improvements, demonstrating the effectiveness of SSC-SGG.

Semi-Supervised Clustering Framework for Fine-grained Scene Graph Generation

In multi-dimensional classification (MDC), the classifier chain approach is based on a chain structure to model dependencies between class spaces. However, current research on constructing a chain order is usually based on a greedy criterion or random generation, which is highly likely to lead to an incorrect chain order and fit incorrect class dependencies. Moreover, existing classifier chain-based approaches do not consider the misleading effects of irrelevant input features on the classifiers. To fill the above gap, a classifier chain-based approach incorporating evolutionary chain order optimization and feature selection (ECCO) is proposed. Specifically, this approach designs a meta-heuristic algorithm to optimize the chain order of multiple classifiers. Simultaneously, the approach selects dimension-specific feature combinations that are more conducive to class prediction of each dimension. These strategies enhance the class prediction capability of the constructed MDC model. Comparative experiments on 14 real datasets validate that ECCO outperforms 7 state-of-the-art MDC approaches.

Evolutionary Classifier Chain for Multi-Dimensional Classification

Open vocabulary semantic segmentation is a hot topic in research, focusing on segmenting and recognizing a diverse array of categories in varied environments, including those previously unknown, thereby holding significant practical value. Mainstream studies utilize the CLIP model for direct semantic segmentation (denoted as “forward methods”), which often struggles to represent underrepresented categories effectively. To address this issue, this paper introduces a novel approach **E**xcluding the Impossib**L**e **S**emantic S**E**gmentation Network (**ELSE-Net**) based on reverse thinking. By excluding improbable categories, ELSE-Net narrows the selection range for forward methods, significantly reducing the risk of misclassification.
In implementation, we initially draw on leading research to design the **G**eneral **P**rocessing Block (**GP-Block**), which generates inclusion probabilities (the likelihood of belonging to a category) by using the CLIP model cooperated with a **M**ask **P**roposal **N**etwork (**MPN**). We then present the **EX**cluding the Im**P**ossible Block (**EXP-Block**), which computes exclusion probabilities (the likelihood of not belonging to a category) through the CLIPN model and a custom-designed **R**everse **R**etrieval Adapter (**R$^2$-Adapter**). These exclusion probabilities are subsequently used to refine the inclusion probabilities, which are ultimately employed to annotate class-agnostic masks. Moreover, the core component of our EXP-Block is plug-and-play, enabling it to enhance the capabilities of existing frameworks. Experimental results from four benchmark datasets validate the effectiveness of ELSE-Net and underscore the seamless plug-and-play functionality of the EXP-Block.

Excluding the Impossible for Open Vocabulary Semantic Segmentation

Single-cell transcriptomics describes complex molecular features at the individual cell level, serving various roles in biological research, such as enhancing gene expression and predicting drug responses. Due to transcriptomic data structurally resembling sequential data, many researchers have trained numerous transformers on extensive transcriptomic datasets. However, they have consistently neglected to explore the intrinsic properties of the data and the appropriateness of their chosen model architecture. In this paper, we carefully investigate the nature of transcriptomics, identifying three overlooked problems: 1) long-tailed data problem, 2) model selection problem, and 3) evaluation problem. Consequently, by applying the weighted sampling strategy, we address the long-tailed data problem and achieve consistent improvement across all settings. By adapting different model structures to transcriptomic data, we discover that transformers are not the only option. By developing three downstream tasks and fair evaluation metrics, we establish a simple and comprehensive benchmark to validate the effectiveness of models for transcriptomics. Through extensive experiments, we clarify the misunderstandings in the traditional methods and provide competitive baselines, thereby paving the way for future research in this field.

A Simple and Comprehensive Benchmark for Single-Cell Transcriptomics

Information popularity prediction, aiming to predict the size growth of user participation in a trending topic diffusion, is a fundamental task in social networks. Existing methods usually suffer from treating information diffusion as a single independent process for prediction, and ignoring the ``public opinion field effect'', which means that several trending topics often coexist in the public opinion space and compete for user attention simultaneously. Inspired by Hawkes theory, we propose a novel Hawkes-process-based learning model for information popularity prediction, which takes into account both the temporal correlation among users' propagation behavior in several topic diffusion and public opinion field effect in social networks. We first propose an improved neural Hawkes process to capture comprehensive propagation law from multiple dimensions and then propose a novel public opinion field paradigm based on the improved Hawkes process and cascade structure feature. We design a representation learning framework incorporating the public opinion field paradigm to extract high-quality representations for information popularity prediction. Extensive experiments on four real-world datasets validate that our model significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art competitors.

Public Opinion Field Effect and Hawkes Process Join Hands for Information Popularity Prediction

Decision trees are a popular machine learning method, known for their inherent explainability. In Explainable AI, decision trees can be used as surrogate models for complex black box AI models or as approximations of parts of such models. 
A key challenge of this approach is determining how accurately the extracted decision tree represents the original model and to what extent it can be trusted as an approximation of their behavior. 
In this work, we investigate the use of the Probably Approximately Correct (PAC) framework to provide a theoretical guarantee of fidelity for decision trees extracted from AI models. Based on theoretical results from the PAC framework, we adapt a decision tree algorithm to ensure a PAC guarantee under certain conditions. We focus on binary classification and conduct experiments where we extract decision trees to reveal occupational gender bias in BERT-based language models.

Extracting PAC Decision Trees from Black Box Binary Classifiers: The Gender Bias Study Case on BERT-based Language Models

Answering questions related to audio-visual scenes, i.e., the AVQA task, is becoming increasingly popular. A critical challenge is accurately identifying and tracking sounding objects related to the question along the timeline. In this paper, we present a new Patch-level Sounding Object Tracking (PSOT) method. It begins with a Motion-driven Key Patch Tracking (M-KPT) module, which relies on visual motion information to identify salient visual patches with significant movements that are more likely to relate to sounding objects and questions. We measure the patch-wise motion intensity map between neighboring video frames and utilize it to construct and guide a motion-driven graph network. Meanwhile, we design a Sound-driven KPT (S-KPT) module to explicitly track sounding patches. This module also involves a graph network, with the adjacency matrix regularized by the audio-visual correspondence map. The M-KPT and S-KPT modules are performed in parallel for each temporal segment, allowing balanced tracking of salient and sounding objects. Based on the tracked patches, we further propose a Question-driven KPT (Q-KPT) module to retain patches highly relevant to the question, ensuring the model focuses on the most informative clues. The audio-visual-question features are updated during the processing of these modules, which are then aggregated for final answer prediction. Extensive experiments on standard datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our method, achieving competitive performance even compared to recent large-scale pretraining-based approaches.

Patch-level Sounding Object Tracking for Audio-Visual Question Answering

3D Gaussian Splatting (3D GS) has gained popularity due to its faster rendering speed and high-quality novel view synthesis. Some researchers have explored using 3D GS for reconstructing driving scenes. However, these methods often rely on various types of data, such as depth maps, 3D bounding boxes, and trajectories of moving objects. Additionally, the lack of annotations for synthesized images limits their direct application in downstream tasks.
    To address these issues, we propose EGSRAL, a 3D GS-based method that relies solely on training images without extra annotations. EGSRAL enhances 3D GS's capability to model both dynamic objects and static backgrounds and introduces a novel adaptor for auto labeling, generating corresponding annotations based on existing annotations. We also propose a grouping strategy for vanilla 3D GS to address perspective issues in rendering large-scale, complex scenes. Our method achieves state-of-the-art performance on multiple datasets without any extra annotation. For example, the PSNR metric reaches 29.04 on the nuScenes dataset. Moreover, our automated labeling can significantly improve the performance of 2D/3D detection tasks.

EGSRAL:An Enhanced 3D Gaussian Splatting Based Renderer with Automated Labeling for Large-Scale Driving Scene

With the introduction of vision foundation models, in-context segmentation has drawn more attention. Its goal is to segment objects using given reference images. Most existing approaches adopt metric learning or masked image modeling to build the correlation between visual prompts and input image queries. This work explores this problem from a new perspective, using one representative generation model, the latent diffusion model (LDM). We unlock LDMs' in-context segmentation capability and conduct comprehensive ablation studies to explore the effects of different designs. Specifically, our study is conducted from three perspectives: instruction extraction, output alignment, and meta-architectures. We design a two-stage masking strategy to prevent the leakage of interfering information into instructions. In addition, we propose an augmented pseudo-masking target to compel the model to predict without forgetting the original images. Moreover, we build a new and fair in-context segmentation benchmark that includes both image and video datasets. Experiments validate the effectiveness of our approach, demonstrating comparable or even stronger results than previous specialist or visual foundation models. We hope our explorations and findings can inspire people to unify the field of segmentation and generation. Code will be available.

Explore In-Context Segmentation via Latent Diffusion Models

Reconstructing high-quality 3D models from sparse 2D images has garnered significant attention in computer vision. Recently, 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) has gained prominence due to its explicit representation with efficient training speed and real-time rendering capabilities. However, existing methods still heavily depend on accurate camera poses for reconstruction. Although some recent approaches attempt to train 3DGS models without the Structure-from-Motion (SfM) preprocessing from monocular video datasets, these methods suffer from prolonged training times, making them impractical for many applications.

In this paper, we present an efficient framework that operates without any depth or matching model. Our approach initially uses SfM to quickly obtain rough camera poses within seconds, and then refines these poses by leveraging the dense representation in 3DGS. This framework effectively addresses the issue of long training times. Additionally, we integrate the densification process with joint refinement and propose a coarse-to-fine frequency-aware densification to reconstruct different levels of details. This approach prevents camera pose estimation from being trapped in local minima or drifting due to high-frequency signals. Our method significantly reduces training time from hours to minutes while achieving more accurate novel view synthesis and camera pose estimation compared to previous methods.

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