United States

The field of music generation has seen a surge of interest from both academia and industry, with innovative platforms such as Suno, Udio, and SkyMusic earning widespread recognition. However, the challenge of music infilling—modifying specific music segments without reconstructing the entire piece—remains a significant hurdle for both audio-based and symbolic-based models, limiting their adaptability and practicality. In this paper, we address symbolic music infilling by introducing the Collaborative Music Inpainter (CMI), an advanced human-in-the-loop (HITL) model for music infilling. The CMI features the Joint Embedding Predictive Autoregressive Generative Architecture (JEP-AGA), which learns the high-level predictive representations of the masked part that needs to be infilled during the autoregressive generative process, akin to how humans perceive and interpret music. The newly developed Dynamic Interaction Learner (DIL) achieves HITL by iteratively refining the infilled output based on user interactions alone, significantly reducing the interaction cost without requiring further input. Experimental results confirm CMI’s superior performance in music infilling, demonstrating its efficiency in producing high-quality music.

AAAI 2025

Compose with Me: Collaborative Music Inpainter for Symbolic Music Infilling

computational creativity

### Looking for Cogsci 2023? Please [click here](https://underline.io/events/405/reception) to switch to 2023 edition.


**Dear Colleagues,**

Welcome to the 43rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society! 

This year’s conference brings together the latest research from all Cognitive Science and also highlights this year’s theme **Comparative Cognition: Animal Minds.** 

The program features four plenary speakers: Friederike Range (University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna), Onur Güntürkün (Ruhr University Bochum), Julia Fischer (University of Göttingen), and Erich Jarvis (The Rockefeller University). The keynotes and invited symposia showcase the broad spectrum of ideas that encompass the conference theme of comparative cognition. 

Further, the program includes the Rumelhart Prize keynote presentation by Susan Goldin-Meadow (University of Chicago), and symposia to celebrate the winner of the Elman Prize: Wei Ji Ma (New York University), the Heineken Award winner Robert Zatorre (McGill University), and the Robert J. Glushko Dissertation Prizes session.

The program committee for CogSci 2021 received 1,025 submissions, including 710 full papers, 275 member abstracts, 8 publication-based talks, as well as 15 proposals for symposia, and 17 for workshops and tutorials. After a rigorous review process, the committee selected 152 papers for oral presentation and inclusion in the conference proceedings (14.8%), 332 papers for poster presentation and inclusion in the proceedings (32.4%), and 175 papers for poster presentation with inclusion of abstracts in the proceedings (17.1%) We also selected 275 submitted member abstracts. In addition, we accepted 6 publication-based talks, 12 symposia, and 9 workshops and tutorials to make for an exciting and inclusive program.

We hope that you enjoy the conference this year!<br><br>

**Your Program Chairs,**
![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/99984908caba5e6453e5fc5ba34f3507.jpg)

**Learn more about the Vienna Cognitive Science Hub at the University of Vienna, hosts of CogSci 2021**

<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/464h1m3iU68" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>

To review the proceedings for the conference or review the searchable program, please visit the [website](https://cognitivesciencesociety.org/program/).


CogSci 2021

The Cognitive Science Society brings together researchers from around the world who hold a common goal: understanding the nature of the human mind. The mission of the Society is to promote Cognitive Science as a discipline, and to foster scientific interchange among researchers in various areas of study, including Artificial Intelligence, Linguistics, Anthropology, Psychology, Neuroscience, Philosophy, and Education. The Society is a non-profit professional organization and its activities include sponsoring an annual conference and publishing the journals Cognitive Science and TopiCS.

technical paper

We are pleased to announce the Thirty-Ninth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-25), which will be held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at the Pennsylvania Convention Center from February 25 to March 4, 2025.

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-25 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and a range of other activities to be announced.

### [Invited Speakers](https://aaai.org/conference/aaai/aaai-25/aaai-25-invited-speakers/)<br><br><br>

Register [here](https://aaai.org/conference/aaai/aaai-25/registration/)<br><br> 

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-25 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and a range of other activities to be announced.



Knowledge compilation is a method of transforming knowledge into a compressed and tractable form, permitting more efficient operations. For Boolean functions, numerous representations have been proposed to enhance succinctness and tractability. In this paper, we introduce a new representation named structured Decomposable And-Sum Circuit (st-DASC), which employs $\wedge$ and $+$ nodes with signed edges, in place of the standard $\wedge$ and $\vee$ nodes with unsigned edges. Notably, incorporating negative signs permits polytime logical negation. By following the knowledge compilation map, we show that st-DASC is more succinct than the Sentential Decision Diagram (SDD) while still maintaining support for all of the operations on the knowledge compilation map that SDD supports. Furthermore, st-DASC is even more succinct than structured d-DNNF (st-d-DNNF), which itself is more succinct but supports fewer operations than SDD. Accordingly, st-DASC breaks the traditional trade-off between succinctness and tractability.

An and-Sum Circuit with Signed Edges That Is More Succinct than SDD

This paper presents VDAct, a dataset for a Video-grounded Dialogue on Event-driven Activities, alongside VDEval, a session-based context evaluation metric specially designed for the task. Unlike existing datasets, VDAct includes longer and more complex video sequences that depict a variety of event-driven activities that require advanced contextual understanding for accurate response generation. The dataset comprises 3,000 dialogues with over 30,000 question-and-answer pairs, derived from 1,000 videos with diverse activity scenarios. VDAct displays a notably challenging characteristic due to its broad spectrum of activity scenarios and wide range of question types. Empirical studies on state-of-the-art vision foundation models highlight their limitations in addressing certain question types on our dataset. Furthermore, VDEval, which integrates dialogue session history and video content summaries extracted from our supplementary KGs to evaluate individual responses, demonstrates a significantly higher correlation with human assessments on the VDAct dataset than existing evaluation metrics that rely solely on the context of single dialogue turns.

A Video-grounded Dialogue Dataset and Metric for Event-driven Activities

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has gained significant attention in autonomous systems, yet its black-box nature and lack of explainability hinder user trust in safety-critical domains such as autonomous driving. Existing experience replay approaches enhance sample efficiency but often fail to capture the internal causality of training data, leading to a convoluted training process that is difficult for humans to explain. In this work, we introduce Experience Replay with Causal Inference (ERCI), an explainable approach that integrates time series representation and causal inference to offer human-aligned explanations for DRL. Specifically, ERCI 1) introduces a novel multivariate time series representation to extract explainable Time Series Causal Factors (TSCF) from experimental data and 2) leverages internal causality in TSCFs with causal inference as a crucial standard for experience replay in DRL training. We evaluate ERCI using multiple baseline algorithms across diverse environments. Results show that ERCI provides human-aligned explanations and further improves sample efficiency through enhanced explainability. Notably, ERCI outperforms other state-of-the-art approaches by 15% in average performance, highlighting its effectiveness and generalizability.

ERCI: An Explainable Experience Replay Approach with Causal Inference for Deep Reinforcement Learning

This study evaluates the usage of OpenAI’s ChatGPT Large Language Model (LLM) as a tool for constructing multiple choice questions for assessing student academic performance through quizzes and exams. We randomly deploy questions constructed with and without use of the LLM tool and gauge the ability of the students to correctly answer, as well as their ability to correctly perceive the difference between human-authored and LLM-authored questions.  In determining whether the questions written with the aid of ChatGPT were consistent with the instructor's questions and source text, we computed representative vectors of both the human and ChatGPT questions using SBERT and compared cosine similarity to the course textbook. A non-significant Mann-Whitney U test ($\textit{z}$ = 1.018, $\textit{p}$ = .309) suggests that students were unable to perceive whether questions were written with or without the aid of ChatGPT. However, student scores on LLM-authored questions were almost 9\% lower ($\textit{z}$ = 2.702, $\textit{p}$ $<$ .01). This result may indicate that either the AI questions were more difficult or that the students were more familiar with the instructor’s style of questions. Overall, the study suggests that while there is potential for using LLM tools to aid in the construction of assessments, care must be taken to ensure that the questions are fair, well-composed, and relevant to the course material.

LLMs in the Classroom: Outcomes and Perceptions of Questions Written with the Aid of AI

This paper addresses the problem of preference learning, which aims to align robot behaviors through learning user-specific preferences (e.g., “good pull-over location”) from visual demonstrations. Despite its similarity to learning factual concepts (e.g., “red cube”), preference learning is a fundamentally harder problem due to its subjective nature and the paucity of person-specific training data. We address this problem using a novel framework called Synapse, which is a neuro-symbolic approach designed to efficiently learn preferential concepts from limited data. Synapse represents preferences as neuro-symbolic programs -- facilitating inspection of individual parts for alignment -- in a domain-specific language (DSL) that operates over images and leverages a novel combination of visual parsing, large language models, and program synthesis to learn programs representing individual preferences. We perform extensive evaluations on various preferential concepts as well as a small user case study demonstrating the ability of Synapse to align well with dissimilar user preferences. Our method significantly outperforms baselines, especially in out-of-distribution generalization. We show the importance of the design choices in the framework through multiple ablation studies.

SYNAPSE: SYmbolic Neural-Aided Preference Synthesis Engine

Researchers, policymakers, and developers of artificial intelligence (AI) are actively collaborating to establish trustworthy AI standards that align with broader societal values, particularly in the context of large language models (LLMs). However, the critical discourse on bridging the vast knowledge gap between experts who shape and implement standards for LLMs and end-users whose values are at stake remains largely unaddressed. Taking a ‘bottom-up’ approach and using a mixed-method approach, we first conducted interviews (N = 12) to engage with end-users’ perceptions of normative standards in the context of LLMs. We thereby identified 68 criteria that end-users’ consider when evaluating value congruence. Second, we conducted an online survey (N = 379) to further investigate how end-users prioritise these standards and the identified criteria in conversational LLM-based applications. Findings reveal a clear preference for governance, monitoring, and transparent information provision over other criteria and highlight the necessity of non-technical complements to technical solutions for bridging the knowledge gap. We discuss end-user information requirements and outline actionable steps to effectively communicate trustworthy AI standards.

Bridging the Knowledge Gap: Understanding User Expectations for Trustworthy LLM Standards

Despite significant progress has been made in image deraining, most existing methods are limited to handling only a single type of rain degradation or a specific pattern of rain. However, real-world rain scenarios tend to contain diverse rainy patterns due to variations in the rainfall process and lighting conditions. To address this dilemma and advance this field, we introduce a new task: Universal Rainy Image Restoration (URIR), which aims to handle multiple types of rain degradation on a single model. To benchmark this task, we construct a high-quality dataset called URIR-8K, which contains four patterns: rain streak, raindrop, rain accumulation and nighttime rain. Building upon this dataset, we present a comprehensive study on existing approaches by evaluating their universal deraining capabilities and their effect on downstream object detection task. In addition, we design a multi-scale vision Mamba as a baseline model, leveraging the benefits of multi-scale learning for its robustness to diverse rain appearances. Unlike existing methods that use fixed-scale scanning for feature extraction, we employ a multi-scale 2D scanning technique to better help image restoration in the richer scale space. Extensive experimental analysis demonstrates the potential of our proposed task and the effectiveness of the baseline model. The code and dataset will be available.

Towards Universal Rainy Image Restoration: Benchmark and Baseline

Backdoor attacks have posed a serious threat in machine learning models, wherein adversaries can poison training samples with maliciously crafted triggers to compromise the victim model. Advanced backdoor attack methods have focused on selectively poisoning more vulnerable training samples, achieving a higher attack success rate (ASR). However, we found that when the manipulation strength of the trigger is constrained to a very small value for imperceptible attacks, they suffer from extremely uneven class-wise ASR due to the unequal selection of instances per class. To solve this issue, we propose a novel backdoor attack method based on \underline{I}nfluence-based \underline{F}air \underline{S}election (IFS), including two objectives: 1) selecting samples that significantly contribute to ASR and 2) ensuring class balance during the selection process. Specifically, we adapt Influence Functions, a classic technique in robust statistics, to evaluate the influence of trigger-embedded training samples on ASR. In this case, training samples contributing to reducing the backdoored test risk could possess higher influence scores. Further, a group-based pruning strategy is designed to avoid calculating the influence on ASR for all training samples, thereby significantly reducing the computational cost. Then, based on the influence score, we design an adaptive thresholding scheme to dynamically select samples with higher influence while maintaining class balance. Extensive experiments on four datasets verify the effectiveness of IFS compared with advanced methods.

Influence-Based Fair Selection for Sample-Discriminative Backdoor Attack

Abstract
Reinforcement learning (RL), particularly its combination with deep neural networks referred to as
deep RL (DRL), has shown tremendous promise across a wide range of applications, suggesting its po-
tential for enabling the development of sophisticated robotic behaviors. Robotics problems, however,
pose fundamental difficulties for the application of RL, stemming from the complexity and cost of
interacting with the physical world. These challenges notwithstanding, recent advances have enabled
DRL to succeed at some real-world robotic tasks. However, state-of-the-art DRL solutions’ maturity
varies significantly across robotic applications. In this talk, I will review the current progress of DRL
in real-world robotic applications based on our recent survey paper (with Tang, Abbatematteo, Hu,
Chandra, and Martı́n-Martı́n), with a particular focus on evaluating the real-world successes achieved
with DRL in realizing several key robotic competencies, including locomotion, navigation, stationary
manipulation, mobile manipulation, human-robot interaction, and multi-robot interaction. The anal-
ysis aims to identify the key factors underlying those exciting successes, reveal underexplored areas,
and provide an overall characterization of the status of DRL in robotics. I will also highlight several
important avenues for future work, emphasizing the need for stable and sample-efficient real-world
RL paradigms, holistic approaches for discovering and integrating various competencies to tackle
complex long-horizon, open-world tasks, and principled development and evaluation procedures. The
talk is designed to offer insights for RL practitioners and roboticists toward harnessing RL’s power
to create generally capable real-world robotic systems.

Deep Reinforcement Learning for Robotics: A Survey of Real-World Successes

Scientific discovery is a complex cognitive process that has driven human knowledge and technological progress for centuries. While artificial intelligence (AI) has made significant advances in automating aspects of scientific reasoning, simulation, and experimentation, we still lack integrated AI systems capable of performing autonomous long-term scientific research and discovery. This paper examines the current state of AI for scientific discovery, highlighting recent progress in large language models and other AI techniques applied to scientific tasks. We then outline key challenges and promising research directions toward developing more comprehensive AI systems for scientific discovery, including the need for science-focused AI agents, improved benchmarks and evaluation metrics, multimodal scientific representations, and unified frameworks combining reasoning, theorem proving, and data-driven modeling. Addressing these challenges could lead to transformative AI tools to accelerate progress across disciplines towards scientific discovery.

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An and-Sum Circuit with Signed Edges That Is More Succinct than SDD

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