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In vision transformers, position embedding (PE) plays a crucial role in capturing the order of tokens. However, in vision transformer structures, there is a limitation in the expressiveness of PE due to the structure where position embedding is simply added to the token embedding. A layer-wise method that delivers PE to each layer and applies independent LNs for token embedding and PE has been adopted to overcome this limitation. In this paper, we identify the conflicting result that occurs in a layer-wise structure when using the global average pooling (GAP) method instead of the class token. To overcome this problem, we propose MPVG, which maximizes the effectiveness of PE in a layer-wise structure with GAP. Specifically, we identify that PE counterbalances token embedding values at each layer in a layer-wise structure. Furthermore, we recognize that the counterbalancing role of PE is insufficient in the layer-wise structure, and we address this by maximizing the effectiveness of PE through MPVG. Through experiments, we demonstrate that PE performs a counterbalancing role and that maintaining this counterbalancing directionality significantly impacts vision transformers. As a result, the experimental results show that MPVG outperforms existing methods across vision transformers on various tasks.

AAAI 2025

Maximizing the Position Embedding for Vision Transformers with Global Average Pooling

deep neural architectures and foundation models

poster

We are pleased to announce the Thirty-Ninth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-25), which will be held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at the Pennsylvania Convention Center from February 25 to March 4, 2025.

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-25 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and a range of other activities to be announced.

### [Invited Speakers](https://aaai.org/conference/aaai/aaai-25/aaai-25-invited-speakers/)

Register [here](https://aaai.org/conference/aaai/aaai-25/registration/)

The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. AAAI-25 will feature technical paper presentations, special tracks, invited speakers, workshops, tutorials, poster sessions, senior member presentations, competitions, and exhibit programs, and a range of other activities to be announced.



Despite the impressive progress of multimodal generative models, generating sound solely from text poses challenges in ensuring comprehensive scene depiction and temporal alignment.
Meanwhile, video-to-audio generation limits the flexibility to prioritize sound synthesis for specific objects within the scene.
To tackle these challenges, we propose a novel video-and-text-to-audio generation method, called ReWaS, where video serves as a conditional control for a text-to-audio generation model.
Especially, our method estimates the structural information of sound (namely, energy) from the video while receiving key content cues from a user prompt.
We employ a well-performing text-to-audio model to consolidate the video control, which is much more efficient for training multimodal diffusion models with massive triplet-paired (audio-video-text) data.
In addition, by separating the generative components of audio, it becomes a more flexible system that allows users to freely adjust the energy, surrounding environment, and primary sound source according to their preferences.
Experimental results demonstrate that our method shows superiority in terms of quality, controllability, and training efficiency.
Our demo is available at https://rewas-tv2a.github.io/.

Read, Watch and Scream! Sound Generation from Text and Video

We introduce a biologically plausible RL framework for solving tasks in partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs). 
The proposed algorithm combines three integral parts: (1) A Meta-RL architecture, resembling the mammalian basal ganglia; (2) A biologically plausible reinforcement learning algorithm, exploiting temporal difference learning and eligibility traces to train the policy and the value-function; (3) An online automatic differentiation algorithm for computing the gradients with respect to parameters of a shared recurrent network backbone. Our experimental results show that the method is capable of solving a diverse set of partially observable reinforcement learning tasks. The algorithm we call real-time recurrent reinforcement learning (RTRRL) serves as a model of learning in biological neural networks, mimicking reward pathways in the basal ganglia.

Real-Time Recurrent Reinforcement Learning

We present VQTalker, a Vector Quantization-based framework for multilingual talking head generation that addresses the challenges of lip synchronization and natural motion across diverse languages. Our approach is grounded in the phonetic principle that human speech comprises a finite set of distinct sound units (phonemes) and corresponding visual articulations (visemes), which often share commonalities across languages. We introduce a facial motion tokenizer based on Group Residual Finite Scalar Quantization (GRFSQ), which creates a discretized representation of facial features. This method enables comprehensive capture of facial movements while improving generalization to multiple languages, even with limited training data. Building on this quantized representation, we implement a coarse-to-fine motion generation process that progressively refines facial animations. Extensive experiments demonstrate that VQTalker achieves state-of-the-art performance in both video-driven and speech-driven scenarios, particularly in multilingual settings. Notably, our method achieves high-quality results at a resolution of $512 \times 512$  pixels while maintaining a lower bitrate of approximately 11 kbps. Our work opens new possibilities for cross-lingual talking face generation.

VQTalker: Towards Multilingual Talking Avatars through Facial Motion Tokenization

Deciphering visual content from fMRI sheds light on the human vision system, but data scarcity and noise limit brain decoding model performance. Traditional approaches rely on subject-specific models, which are sensitive to training sample size. In this paper, we address data scarcity by proposing shallow subject-specific adapters to map cross-subject fMRI data into unified representations. A shared deep decoding model then decodes these features into the target feature space. We use both visual and textual supervision for multi-modal brain decoding and integrate high-level perception decoding with pixel-wise reconstruction guided by high-level perceptions. Our extensive experiments reveal several interesting insights: 1) Training with cross-subject fMRI benefits both high-level and low-level decoding models; 2) Merging high-level and low-level information improves reconstruction performance at both levels; 3) Transfer learning is effective for new subjects with limited training data by training new adapters; 4) Decoders trained on visually-elicited brain activity can generalize to decode imagery-induced activity, though with reduced performance.

See Through Their Minds: Learning Transferable Brain Decoding Models from Cross-Subject fMRI

Automatic prompt optimization is an important approach to improving the performance of large language models (LLMs). Recent research demonstrates the potential of using LLMs as prompt optimizers, which can generate improved task prompts via iterative refinement. In this paper, we propose a novel perspective to investigate the design of LLM-based prompt optimizers, by drawing an analogy with gradient-based model optimizers. To connect these two approaches, we identify two pivotal factors in model parameter learning: update direction and update method. By systematically analyzing a rich set of improvement strategies on the two aspects, we further develop a capable Gradient-inspired LLM-based Prompt Optimizer called GPO. At each step, it first retrieves relevant prompts from the optimization trajectory as the update direction. Then, it utilizes the generation-based refinement strategy to perform the update, while controlling the edit distance through a cosine-based decay strategy. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of GPO. In particular, GPO brings an additional improvement of up to 56.8% on Big-Bench Hard and 62.6% on MMLU compared to baseline methods.

Unleashing the Potential of Large Language Models as Prompt Optimizers: Analogical Analysis with Gradient-based Model Optimizers

As a long-range prior, motion consensus essentially forces the overall spatial transformation between a pair of images to be smooth and consistent, which is naturally well-suited for two-view correspondence learning. However, such precious property remains under-explored by most existing studies due to the modeling challenges posed by the sparsity and uneven distributions of putative correspondences. In this paper, we propose DeMo, a novel and cutting-edge network for outlier rejection, which possesses the capacity to fully capture global motion consensus clues by way of consensus interpolation over the entire high-dimensional motion field generated by putative correspondences. Specifically, through incorporating regularization techniques into a Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space (RKHS), a concise interpolation formula can be derived for the high-dimensional motion field, which inherently allows a closed-form solution. Subsequently, learnable deep kernels are collaboratively used to flexibly and efficiently capture the relationships between global inputs, thus maintaining the entire motion field consensus. In addition, to remedy the $\mathcal{O}(N^3)$ computational overhead of explicit interpolation, a scene-adaptive sampling strategy is introduced, which implicitly selects the more scene-representative motions, reducing the computational complexity of motion consensus interpolation to be approximately linear while maintaining the accuracy. Moreover, to deal with underlying depth discontinuities caused by complicated scene variations, a local consensus complementation block is designed, which maintains local bilateral consensus across both feature and spatial channels. Without bells and whistles, DeMo achieves superior performance in various geometric tasks, including relative pose estimation, homography estimation, and visual localization.

DeMo: Deep Motion Field Consensus with Learnable Kernels for Two-view Correspondence Learning

Recent advancements in text-to-3D generation can generate neural radiance fields (NeRFs) with score distillation sampling, enabling 3D asset creation without real-world data capture. With the rapid advancement in NeRF generation quality, protecting the copyright of the generated NeRF has become increasingly important. While prior works can watermark NeRFs in a post-generation way, they suffer from two vulnerabilities. First, a delay lies between NeRF generation and watermarking because the secret message is embedded into the NeRF model post-generation through fine-tuning. Second, generating a non-watermarked NeRF as an intermediate creates a potential vulnerability for theft. To address both issues, we propose Dreamark to embed a secret message by backdooring the NeRF during NeRF generation. In detail, we first pre-train a watermark decoder. Then, the Dreamark generates backdoored NeRFs in a way that the target secret message can be verified by the pre-trained watermark decoder on an arbitrary trigger viewport. We evaluate the generation quality and watermark robustness against image- and model-level attacks. Extensive experiments show that the watermarking process will not degrade the generation quality, and the watermark achieves 90+% accuracy among both image-level attacks (e.g., Gaussian noise) and model-level attacks (e.g., pruning attack).

DreaMark: Rooting Watermark in Score Distillation Sampling Generated Neural Radiance Fields

Mitochondria segmentation from electron microscopy (EM) images plays a crucial role in biological and medical research. However, models trained on source domains often suffer from performance degradation when applied to target domains due to domain shift. Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) methods have been proposed to address this issue, but they often overlook the reliability of pseudo-labels and the effectiveness of supervision signals. In this paper, we propose R4MITO, a novel UDA framework for robust mitochondria segmentation. First, we introduce Reliable Prototype Pseudo-labels to mitigate the inconsistency of class-level features between across domains by leveraging source prototypes to model target prototypes. Second, we devise Correlation-wise Consistency Regularization to exploit inter-pixel correlations, aligning agent-level correlations under various perturbations. Third, we propose Rank-aware Relationship Consistency Regularization to fully utilize the rich information encoded in inter-agent relationships by imposing rank-aware constraints on agent-ranking probability distributions. Extensive experiments on multiple EM datasets demonstrate the superiority of our R4MITO over existing state-of-the-art UDA methods for mitochondria segmentation.

Alleviate and Mining: Rethinking Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Mitochondria Segmentation from Pseudo-Label Perspective

The performance of models is intricately linked to the abundance of training data. In Visible-Infrared person Re-IDentification (VI-ReID) tasks, collecting and annotating large-scale images of each individual under various cameras and modalities is tedious, time-expensive, costly and must comply with data protection laws, posing a severe challenge in meeting dataset requirements. Current research investigates the generation of synthetic data as an efficient and privacy-ensuring alternative to collecting real data in the field. However, a specific data synthesis technique tailored for VI-ReID models has yet to be explored. In this paper, we present a novel data generation framework, dubbed $Di$ffusion-based $V$I-ReID data $E$xpansion ($DiVE$), that automatically obtain massive RGB-IR paired images with identity preserving by decoupling identity and modality to improve the performance of VI-ReID models. Specifically, identity representation is acquired from a set of samples sharing the same ID, whereas the modality of images is learned by fine-tuning the Stable Diffusion (SD) on modality-specific data. DiVE extend the text-driven image synthesis to identity-preserving RGB-IR multimodal image synthesis. This approach significantly reduces data collection and annotation costs by directly incorporating synthetic data into ReID model training. Experiments have demonstrated that VI-ReID models trained on synthetic data produced by DiVE consistently exhibit notable enhancements. In particular, the state-of-the-art method, CAJ, trained with synthetic images, achieves an improvement of about $9$ \%  in mAP over the baseline on the LLCM dataset.

Diffusion-based Synthetic Data Generation for Visible-Infrared Person Re-Identification

To facilitate understanding of users' diverse queries against the back-end databases in web applications, researchers have introduced Text-to-SQL models that can generate well-structured SQL queries from users' query texts in natural language. As the Text-to-SQL model decouples the user queries with the back-end databases, it inherently mitigates the SQL injection risk posed by inserting users' input into pre-written SQL queries. However, what security risks to web applications may be posed by Text-to-SQL models remains an open question. In this paper, we present a new attack framework, named Autoregression-based Injection Attacks (AIA), to evaluate the security risks of Text-to-SQL models. In particular, AIA makes target models generate attack payloads by constructing specific inputs and adjusting the input auto-regressively. Our evaluation demonstrates that AIA can cause Text-to-SQL models to generate target output by adversarial inputs with success rates of over 70\% in most scenarios. The generated adversarial input has certain transferability in target Text-to-SQL models. Additionally, practice experiments show that AIA can make Text-to-SQL models extract administrator user lists from databases and even delete data in databases directly.

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Read, Watch and Scream! Sound Generation from Text and Video

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PRESENTATIONS

CONFERENCES

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RESOURCES

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