For nearly a decade now, the problem that has been top of mind for me is how we might enable AI systems to robustly optimize for what people want, and to avoid causing harm – from robots and self-driving cars, to assistive devices and deep brain stimulation, to theory and toy models, to large language models and now Gemini. In this talk, I’ll take the opportunity to share a bit about my journey in this space, what lessons I’ve learned, and how we’re approaching the safety and alignment of frontier models at Google DeepMind.