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Complete Heart Block in an Elderly Male with Atypical Presentation
Background: Complete heart block (CHB) is a potentially life-threatening conduction disorder characterized by the complete absence of electrical impulse transmission from the atria to the ventricles. While commonly associated with advanced age and structural heart disease, CHB can also present atypically, particularly in elderly patients. Potential consequences of delayed diagnosis of CHB can consist of syncope, heart failure and even cardiac arrest. This case report describes a 79-year-old male with a history of hypertension and tobacco abuse who presented with atypical symptoms of CHB. Case Presentation: A 79-year-old male with a past medical history of hypertension and tobacco abuse presented with shortness of breath of several days duration. He noted body aches, upper respiratory symptoms, and malaise during the week prior. In the past month, he reports having intermittent episodes of lightheadedness. He was previously hospitalized a few months before for similar episodes of lightheadedness, but refused workup. At home in the morning before admission, a low oxygen saturation and heart rate were noted. On examination the patient was alert, oriented, and answering questions appropriately. He was breathing comfortably on supplemental oxygen via nasal cannula. An ECG was then performed and the patient was found to have a complete heart block with a rate in the 30s. On continuous monitoring, his heart rate continued to drop into the 20s without worsening symptoms. He was then moved to the ICU for placement of transvenous pacemaker. The patient was not taking any pharmacological agents that could have caused his condition. A transthoracic echocardiogram showed a preserved ejection fraction. Left heart catheterization revealed non-occlusive disease. He was taken for permanent pacemaker placement which led to resolution of all symptoms. Discussion: This case highlights the often atypical presentation of CHB in elderly patients. While the classic presentation involves syncope or near-syncope due to bradycardia, this patient primarily reported shortness of breath and malaise. Additionally, despite experiencing prior episodes suggestive of CHB, he initially declined a workup. This stresses the need for thorough clinical evaluation in elderly patients, even when symptoms appear mild or unrelated to cardiac dysfunction. The absence of structural heart disease on echocardiogram and non-occlusive coronary arteries on angiography suggest an idiopathic or functional etiology for the CHB in this case. The prompt diagnosis and placement of a permanent pacemaker resulted in complete symptom resolution. This emphasizes the critical role of early intervention in managing CHB and preventing potential complications such as heart failure or syncope-related injuries.