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White and Midwestern Adolescents Show Fewer Suicides than Black Adolescents During the COVID19 Pandemic When Compared to PrePandemic Numbers
Objectives: To assess if adolescent suicide in the United States changed with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, and if there are significant differences between demographics. Hypothesis: Adolescent suicides in the US increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We analyzed national mortality data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, public database for adolescents (age 10-19) from January 2018 until December 2022. Monthly numbers of suicides (per 100,000 individuals) were extracted and stratified based on sex, race, and region of residency in the United States. Data were analyzed using fisher's exact test, Chi square test, Z-test, and correlation analysis to look for associations between groups. Results: Of the 14139 adolescent suicides per 100,000 individuals, in the 60 months analyzed, there were no significant differences in the total rate of suicides prior to and during COVID (z = 0.358, p = 0.358). However, suicide of Black adolescents increased (z = 4.157, p = 0), which correlated with Black adolescent all-cause mortality (r (59) = 0.41, p = 0.001), and with suicide of all Black individuals (r (59) = 0.43, p = 0.001). In contrast, suicide rates for White adolescents (z = -2.23, p = 0.025) and adolescents living in the Midwest (z = -2.21, p = 0.027) decreased. Conclusions: Although the rate of adolescent suicides did not change significantly during the COVID pandemic, suicides of White teens and Midwestern adolescents decreased, whereas Black adolescent suicides increased over the same period. This increase in suicide rate among Black teens was associated with increased all-cause mortality of Black adolescents and suicide rates of all Black individuals during the pandemic. While there has been an increase in access to and acceptance of mental health care recently, we need more tailored anti-suicide strategies to address the disparities faced by communities of color and specifically Black adolescents. Limitations: Study limitations include data obtained, which are per 100,000 individuals, likely underestimating the true numbers of suicides and deaths. Moreover, as there have been multiple events and unmeasured factors that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic, the study cannot identify specific causes resulting in the suicide and death rates.