Thailand

Machine translation often suffers from biased data and algorithms that can lead to unacceptable errors in system output. While bias in gender norms has been investigated, less is known about whether MT systems encode bias about social relationships, e.g., &quot;the lawyer kissed her wife.&quot; We investigate the degree of bias against same-gender relationships in MT systems, using generated template sentences drawn from several noun-gender languages (e.g., Spanish) and comprised of popular occupation nouns. We find that three popular MT services consistently fail to accurately translate sentences concerning relationships between entities of the same gender. The error rate varies considerably based on the context, and same-gender sentences referencing high female-representation occupations are translated with lower accuracy. We provide this work as a case study in the evaluation of intrinsic bias in NLP systems with respect to social relationships.

ACL 2024

Whose wife is it anyway? Assessing bias against same-gender relationships in machine translation

bias

multilingual

machine translation

Machine translation often suffers from biased data and algorithms that can lead to unacceptable errors in system output. While bias in gender norms has been investigated, less is known about whether MT systems encode bias about social relationships, e.g., "the lawyer kissed her wife." We investigate the degree of bias against same-gender relationships in MT systems, using generated template sentences drawn from several noun-gender languages (e.g., Spanish) and comprised of popular occupation nouns. We find that three popular MT services consistently fail to accurately translate sentences concerning relationships between entities of the same gender. The error rate varies considerably based on the context, and same-gender sentences referencing high female-representation occupations are translated with lower accuracy. We provide this work as a case study in the evaluation of intrinsic bias in NLP systems with respect to social relationships.

workshop paper

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This study explores the effect of annotators' demographic features on labeling sexist content in social media datasets, specifically focusing on the EXIST dataset, which includes direct sexist messages, reports and descriptions of sexist experiences and stereotypes. We investigate how various demographic backgrounds influence annotation outcomes and examine methods to incorporate these features into BERT-based model training. Our experiments demonstrate that adding demographic information improves performance in detecting sexism and assessing intention of the author.

Analysis of Annotator Demographics in Sexism Detection

Large language models recently became state-of-the-art solutions for machine translation across many language pairs.
Similarly to previous approaches, LLMs are prone to gender bias, e.g., by better translating sentences mentioning men than women.
To address this issue, we extend a robust Debiasing Algorithm through Model Adaptation (DAMA, Limisiewicz et al. 2024), previously used in language generation, to work in multilingual setting and translation task.
The method decreases stereotypical bias with a slight to moderate decrease in the general domain.
The method is still pending evaluation in the GeBNLP shared task, and the results will be updated when available.

Multilingual DAMA for Debiasing Translation

Social bias is shaped by the accumulation of social perceptions towards targets across various demographic identities. To fully understand such social bias in large language models (LLMs), it is essential to consider the composite of social perceptions from diverse perspectives among identities. Previous studies have either evaluated biases in LLMs by indirectly assessing the presence of sentiments towards demographic identities in the generated text or measuring the degree of alignment with given stereotypes. These methods have limitations in directly quantifying social biases at the level of distinct perspectives among identities. In this paper, we aim to investigate how social perceptions from various viewpoints contribute to the development of social bias in LLMs. To this end, we propose a novel strategy to intuitively quantify these social perceptions and suggest metrics that can evaluate the social biases within LLMs by aggregating diverse social perceptions. The experimental results show the quantitative demonstration of the social attitude in LLMs by examining social perception. The analysis we conducted shows that our proposed metrics capture the multi-dimensional aspects of social bias, enabling a fine-grained and comprehensive investigation of bias in LLMs.

Ask LLMs Directly, “What shapes your bias?”: Measuring Social Bias in Large Language Models

The integration of retrieved passages and large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPTs, has significantly contributed to improving open-domain question answering. However, there is still a lack of exploration regarding the optimal approach for incorporating retrieved passages into the answer generation process. This paper aims to fill this gap by investigating different methods of combining retrieved passages with LLMs to enhance answer generation. We begin by examining the limitations of a commonly-used concatenation approach. Surprisingly, this approach often results in generating ``unknown'' outputs, even when the correct document is among the top-k retrieved passages. To address this issue, we explore four alternative strategies for integrating the retrieved passages with the LLMs. These strategies include two single-round methods that utilize chain-of-thought reasoning and two multi-round strategies that incorporate feedback loops. Through comprehensive analyses and experiments, we provide insightful observations on how to effectively leverage retrieved passages to enhance the answer generation capability of LLMs. On three open-domain question answering datesets, NQ, TriviaQA and SQuAD, our multi-round approaches outperform traditional concatenation approach, achieving over a 10 improvement in answer EM.

Modeling Uncertainty and Using Post-fusion as Fallback Improves Retrieval Augmented Generation with LLMs

Phonology, the study of speech's structure and pronunciation rules, is a critical yet often overlooked component in Large Language Model (LLM) research. LLMs are widely used in various downstream applications that leverage phonology such as educational tools and poetry generation. Moreover, LLMs can potentially learn imperfect associations between orthographic and phonological forms from the training data. Thus, it is imperative to benchmark the phonological skills of LLMs. To this end, we present PhonologyBench, a novel benchmark consisting of three diagnostic tasks designed to explicitly test the phonological skills of LLMs in English: grapheme-to-phoneme conversion, syllable counting, and rhyme word generation. Despite having no access to speech data, LLMs showcased notable performance on the PhonologyBench tasks. However, we observe a significant gap of 17% and 45% on Rhyme Word Generation and Syllable counting, respectively, when compared to humans. Our findings underscore the importance of studying LLM performance on phonological tasks that inadvertently impact real-world applications. Furthermore, we encourage researchers to choose LLMs that perform well on the phonological task that is closely related to the downstream application since we find that no single model consistently outperforms the others on all the tasks.

PhonologyBench: Evaluating Phonological Skills of Large Language Models

Recent work shows that large language models (LLMs) can answer multiple-choice questions using only the choices, but does this mean that MCQA leaderboard rankings of LLMs are largely influenced by abilities in choices-only settings? To answer this, we use a contrast set that probes if LLMs over-rely on choices-only shortcuts in MCQA. While previous works build contrast sets via expensive human annotations or model-generated data which can be biased, we employ graph mining to extract contrast sets from existing MCQA datasets. We use our method on UnifiedQA, a group of six commonsense reasoning datasets with high choices-only accuracy, to build an 820-question contrast set. After validating our contrast set, we test 12 LLMs, finding that these models do not exhibit reliance on choice-only shortcuts when given both the question and choices. Thus, despite the susceptibility of MCQA to high choices-only accuracy, we argue that LLMs are not obtaining high ranks on MCQA leaderboards solely due to their ability to exploit choices-only shortcuts.

Is Your Large Language Model Knowledgeable or a Choices-Only Cheater?

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized text generation across diverse domains, showcasing an ability to mimic human-like text with remarkable accuracy. Yet, these models frequently encounter a significant hurdle: producing hallucinations, a flaw particularly detrimental in the healthcare domain where precision is crucial. In this paper, we introduce ClinicalRAG, a novel multi-agent pipeline to rectify this issue by incorporating heterogeneous medical knowledge—both structured and unstructured—into LLMs to bolster diagnosis accuracy. ClinicalRAG can extract related medical entities from user inputs and dynamically integrate relevant medical knowledge during the text generation process. Comparative analyses reveal that ClinicalRAG significantly outperforms knowledge-deficient methods, offering enhanced reliability in clinical decision support. This advancement marks a pivotal proof-of-concept step towards mitigating misinformation risks in healthcare applications of LLMs.

ClinicalRAG: Enhancing Clinical Decision Support through Heterogeneous Knowledge Retrieval

Relation extraction aims to classify the relationships between two entities into pre-defined categories. While previous research has mainly focused on sentence-level relation extraction, recent studies have expanded the scope to document-level relation extraction. Traditional relation extraction methods heavily rely on human-annotated training data, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive. To mitigate the need for manual annotation, recent weakly-supervised approaches have been developed for sentence-level relation extraction while limited work has been done on document-level relation extraction. Weakly-supervised document-level relation extraction faces significant challenges due to an imbalanced number “no relation” instances and the failure of directly probing pretrained large language models for document relation extraction. To address these challenges, we propose PromptRE, a novel weakly-supervised document-level relation extraction method that combines prompting-based techniques with data programming. Furthermore, PromptRE incorporates the label distribution and entity types as prior knowledge to improve the performance. By leveraging the strengths of both prompting and data programming, PromptRE achieves improved performance in relation classification and effectively handles the “no relation” problem. Experimental results on ReDocRED, a benchmark dataset for document-level relation extraction, demonstrate the superiority of PromptRE over baseline approaches.

PromptRE: Weakly-Supervised Document-Level Relation Extraction via Prompting-Based Data Programming

Recent surge in the accessibility of large language models (LLMs) to the general population can lead to untrackable use of such models for medical-related recommendations. Language generation via LLMs models has two key problems: firstly, they are prone to hallucination and therefore, for any medical purpose they require scientific and factual grounding; secondly, LLMs pose tremendous challenge to computational resources due to their gigantic model size. In this work, we introduce pRAGe, a Pipeline for Retrieval Augmented Generation and Evaluation of medical paraphrases generation using Small Language Models (SLM). We study the effectiveness of SLMs and the impact of external knowledge base for medical paraphrase generation in French.

Retrieve, Generate, Evaluate: A Case Study for Medical Paraphrases Generation with Small Language Models

Recent research shows that more data and larger models can provide more accurate solutions to natural language problems that require reasoning. However, models can easily fail to provide solutions in unobserved levels of compositional complexity because they might not obtain the level of abstraction needed for generalizability. To alleviate this issue, we propose to train the models with neuro-symbolic techniques that can exploit the logical rules of reasoning as constraints and provide additional supervision sources to the model. Training models to adhere to the regulations of reasoning pushes them to make more effective abstractions needed for generalizability and transfer learning. We focus on a challenging problem of spatial reasoning over text, and our results on multiple benchmarks confirm our hypothesis of effective domain transfer based on neuro-symbolic training. We utilize our symbolic training approach on multiple commonly used language models.

Whose wife is it anyway? Assessing bias against same-gender relationships in machine translation

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Whose wife is it anyway? Assessing bias against same-gender relationships in machine translation

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