Metabolic scaling theory: New Insights in Scaling Form, Function & Diversity

Species Distribution Modelling (SDM) is used for biodiversity preservation and wildlife management. In order to apply it, a large and reliable
dataset about the species occurrence is required. However, in some cases, this
can be difficult when there are only a few occurrence records. In this context,
uncertainty handling techniques can be applied. Thus, Bayesian inference was
used in this study to perform SDM in the Amazon Basin region near Manaus
(AM) with data collected by the GoAmazon 2014/15 project. The results were
compared with those obtained in statistical models and were similar.

Handling uncertainty through Bayesian inference for Species Distribution Modelling in the Amazon Basin region

Phytochemical, Physicochemical and GC-MS Screening of Dyes Extracted from Tagetes Erecta and Tithonia Diversifolia

Ethnobotanical survey & Covid 19 pandemic: A case study of Fumaria in Iran

Geological mapping of the Longobucco Basin (NE Calabria) revealed the multifaceted nature of the Paludi Formation, an unconformity-bounded, syn-orogenic, turbiditic/megaclastic unit. Sedimentology and lithostratigraphy were merged with nannoplancton and macroforams analysis. The Longobucco Basin belongs to the Calabria Peloritani Arc, an exotic crustal fragment, scraped off from its original paleogeographic position along with other continental ribbons (Kabilie, Alboran, Rif) and accreted to the Apennines during the southeastwards retreat of the Adria-Ionian slab. The Longobucco Basin hosts a Meso-Cenozoic succession overlying the Hercynian basement, and it records polyphase deformation: i) two extensional phases in the Early Jurassic, related to opening of the W Tethys, ii) a compressive phase in the ?late Oligocene/early Miocene followed by a poorly constrained extensional event. The Mesozoic succession ends with Hauterivian Maiolica-like deposits and is unconformably overlain by the Paludi Fm, which exhibits three lithofacies: a) reddish marls and shales (“Scaglia” facies), b) turbiditic sandstones and hybrid arenites, and c) clast- to matrix-supported breccias. The reddish marls are locally cannibalized by megaclastic and turbiditic deposits. Lithofacies (c) includes two mass transport deposits (MTD), >100m thick in the depocentres and with a lateral continuity of 6km. The basal megaclastic interval rests on the basement through a basin-wide SW-dipping onlap surface. Lithofacies (b) bears chaotic intervals, slumped megabeds to debrites, and calcarenites/hybrid arenites bearing macroforams in the form of resedimented loose grains forming biostratigraphically coherent assemblages, suggesting they are penecontemporaneous with the turbidites and thus provide reliable ages. Nannoplancton from the hemipelagites served for cross-checking the ages derived from benthic forams. Both methods produced an early Eocene age (Ypresian) for the basal Paludi and a late Oligocene/?Aquitanian age for the top. The style of basal interaction of the MTD with the substrate varies, with two main modes: i) deep plastic deformation of the substrate paired with sand injections, and ii) erosion, with scours and grooves. Clasts pertain to the Mesozoic succession or to the basement (phyllites, granitoids), ranging in size from pebbles to megablocks (longer axis up to 220m). Semi-consolidated clasts and bedstacks display common ductile/brittle features (asymmetric rootless folds, pseudo sigma structures, boudinage, shear zones). As sedimentation of the Paludi Fm is mainly the product of mass wasting processes, the unit as a whole can be referred to as a Mass Transport Complex. Clast composition, paired with biostratigraphic ages, suggests the Paludi Fm was sedimented in a foredeep setting, receiving the products of the dismantling of an Alpine orogen. This was followed by shortening during a proto-Apenninic phase, and eventually by accretion to the Apenninic orogen.

Sedimentological and biostratigraphic characterization of the Paludi Formation (Longobucco Basin, north-eastern Calabria): proto-Apenninic shortening of an Alpine foredeep?

Shallow landslides susceptibility assessment usually relies on the parametrization of hydraulic and geotechnical features of soils. Among these, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) represents one of the most important soil properties that influences infiltration rates, runoff, groundwater recharge and drainage processes, which makes it of particular concern in the prediction of natural hazards including catastrophic floods and shallow landslides. On the other hand, it is well known that vegetation may play a positive role towards slope stability and over the last decades many efforts have been done in order to quantify the role of the vegetation towards protection from shallow landsliding (Giadrossich et al., 2017). Basically, there are two main vegetation effects: hydrological (e.g., reduction of the water pore pressure through tree rainfall interception) and mechanical ones (increase of the soil strength due to the presence of roots and increase of the soil shear stress due to the vegetation load). Soil Ks is expected to be an important factor that influences plant growth, plant-available water, root system and root biomass and, therefore, this work focuses on the quantitative assessment of the relationship between vegetation characters and hydraulic conductivity. Study areas affected by shallow landslides were chosen in the Garfagnana and Cardoso basin (Northern Apennines, Italy) and in Mt. Amiata volcano (Southern Tuscany, Italy) where field measurements (about 200) of below-ground vegetation (Root Area Ratio - RAR), above-ground vegetation (Leaf Area Index-LAI and vegetation load) and Ks were carried out inside, in the neighbour and far outside shallow landslide locations. Acquisition of data within landslides areas was supported by means of a multi-temporal landslide inventory already available for study areas. Below-ground vegetation data were collected in trench profiles, while above-ground vegetation data were acquired using digital relascope and digital cover photography. Measurements of Ks were carried out by means of both constant and falling head permeameters. Results showed that RAR and soil depth affected Ks, with a decrease of Ks as the depth increases and roots decrease. Moreover, Ks varied for different vegetation types, indicating that shifts in aboveground vegetation features may strongly impact the water dynamics of soil. Above-ground vegetation plays a slight negative role on slope stability. Instead, root reinforcement to soil in terms of a root-related cohesion parameter plays a relevant role for depths involved in shallow landslides.

Influences of vegetation characters on saturated hydraulic conductivity at catchment scale

Life and planet have significantly coevolved over time, influencing each other stability trajectory and ultimately maintaining our planet habitable over most of the last 4 billion years. Elemental cycling plays a vital role in this mechanism, with microbes controlling a large portion of the biogeochemical cycles. The majority of the key reactions that control biogeochemistry are carried out by a small set of microbially encoded proteins containing a redox-sensitive transition metal as core catalytic center. Different metal centers (such as Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Mo, W, V, Cu) are used by biology to access diverse redox couples, utilizing more oxidized compounds as they became available during the planet's evolution. Despite the importance of this process, the relationship between metal availability and metabolic innovation and diversity has not been investigated in detail. Here I will present recent data that suggest a significant coevolution between the geosphere and biosphere analyzed through the lenses of metal use by biology, and suggest possible implication of different mechanisms of metal delivery to the planetary surface throiugh time on the emergence and evolution of metabolism.

Trace element availability at the interface between planetary evolution and life emergence

The Northern Adriatic Sea hosts a rich biodiversity, in both the Italian and Slovenian offshore and nearshore zones. Peculiar habitats, locally known as Trezze and Tegnue, mostly represented by the coralligenous outcrops and colonized by serpulids, red algae, bryozoans, bivalves, and dead corallites of Cladocora caespitosa, Cymodocea nodosa and Zostera marina associated with the presence of Pinna nobilis are investigated in the North Italian offshore, and in marine protected areas of Debeli rtič Natural Monument and the Strunjan Nature Park of Strunjan, in Slovenia. This research is carried out  in the frame of the INTERREG ITA-SLO TRETAMARA Project, which aims to provide an integrated and strengthened management of the Northern Adriatic marine-coastal habitats with high ecological value. They are characterize by a fragile biological equilibrium, due to the slow-growing calcareous organisms considered as non renewable resources, and the dredging and bottom trawling pressure that strongly threatens the physical characteristics of the habitat and negatively affect the associated biota. Here we present the preliminary results of cross-border pilot actions supporting biodiversity of these precious marine-coastal habitats. They consist of high quality seafloor images obtained by Multibeam and Side Scan Sonar surveys, aimed at: (1) mapping the Trezze and Tegnue buildups for better understanding  their origins, which are still debated (e.g., Gordini et al., 2012; Tosi et al., 2017; Donda et al., 2015 and 2019), and the seagrass meadows and Pinna nobilis settlement; 2. Collecting the Management Plans, Conservation Measures, and Regulations actions relating to marine-coastal Natura 2000 areas, aimed at producing a review document for the integrated management of the Northern Adriatic Sea marine habitats with high ecological value. This document will play a key role to promote cross-border sustainability and governance of such fragile environments.

Unveiling the secrets of the Northern Adriatic Sea: the TRETAMARA project for their management, valorization and conservation

A biodiversity crisis was observed in the benthic community from a latest Triassic carbonate platform of western Tethys. The studied succession, i.e. Mt Sparagio section in NW Sicily, consists of a continuous Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic peritidal carbonate succession organized in shallowing upward cycles. The Upper Triassic horizons can be sub-divided into two informal units on the base of the benthic fossils assemblage: at the base the Unit A (thickness about 111 m) consists of a high diverse fossiliferous assemblage comprising very large megalodontoids specimens (up to 40 cm); Unit B (about 179 m) shows a reduction of biodiversity with the occurrence of rare and small megalodontoids (Conchodon?) up to 15 cm in size. Both units are Rhaetian in age as indicated by the presence of large tested specimens of the benthic foraminifer Triasina hantkeni. The top of Unit B is marked by an oolitic level, and records the total disappearance of the Triassic benthic fossil assemblage. Upward, the subtidal members of peritidal cycles (Unit C) show the presence of an oligotypic assemblage with T. parvovesiculifera, which represents a survival zone, followed in turn by a gradual recovery of the Lower Jurassic benthic community (e.g. Siphovalvulina sp.). A negative excursion of δ18Ocarb, corresponding to an increase in temperature, matches the biodiversity reduction between Unit A and Unit B. This episode correlates the Initial Carbon Isotopic Excursion already individuated in this section and related to the first pulse of the CAMP volcanic activity. A second change in temperature that is characterized by a positive excursion of δ18Ocarb matches the total extinction of the Upper Triassic benthic community. These data well fit with the environmental parameters of the modern tropical shallow water platform (T-factory). In particular, the sea surface temperature (SST) of a T-factory range from 18 °C to 30.5 °C representing respectively the minimum SST for the carbonate factory persistence and the maximum SST that a T-factory can tolerate.

Temperature vs extinction events: the case of Rhaetian peritidal carbonate succession from westernmost Tethys (Sicily)

The Taburno-Camposauro Regional Park extends for almost 137 km2 in the internal areas of Campania. The park includes the mountain ranges that give it its name, which are located in the southern segment of the Apennine chain, as well as their foothills. Belonging to this segment is evident from the geological history, which can be read in the outcrops of the rocks, in the form of the landscape and in the surface and underground waters present in this area. The same history of man, who has frequented these places from very long times, seems to be embedded in these characteristics, indeed over the centuries man has appreciated the advantages of using these assets. In fact, as it was not possible to detect in the eastern Camposauro, the beauty of the shallow marine limestone outcrops of the middle Cretaceous. In that period these limestones were found suddenly emerged and therefore subject to phenomena of atmospheric degradation, so they were altered and corroded. The filling of the cracks and cavities with residual deposits has caused these rocks to assume polychrome colours mostly of various shades of red. Soon they became the object of mining, and today these worked stones, called "marbles", adorn the monumental buildings not only in Italy (Caserta, Naples, Rome), but also abroad (France, England and even Russia). But how can we forget among the geological assets, the richness of the widespread karst forms of the Taburno and Camposauro. Those present on the highest plateaus are represented by sinkholes and polje, which are still frequented today by flocks and herds of one of the oldest activities in these territories: the breeding. While, the numerous caves that open on their slopes, not always entirely attributable to karst phenomena, were places of worship and devotion, or a refuge for shepherds, brigands and hermits. Today in some of them we recognize the "footprints" they left behind (eg the 12th century rock paintings). Another aspect that should not be underestimated is water. In addition to the numerous small springs scattered almost everywhere in the Park area and the hydrographic network that diverges from the reliefs to extend to the surrounding plains to feed the precious crops of the territory, the water spring of the south-eastern side Taburno known since Roman times. They were once so abundant that they fed the western coastal areas with monumental aqueducts, also recognized by UNESCO. These geological assets, mentioned above, are just some of those present in the Park heritage, which could be enhanced to ensure not only their protection, but the development of economic and tourist activities in an internal area. In fact, the position of this area places it in constant marginalization. Such enhancement integrated by the variety of ecosystems as well as other cultural, gastronomic and intangible heritages in the Taburno-Camposauro Regional Park could represent a real development opportunity for the present and for future generations.

The enhancement of the geological heritage of the Taburno-Camposauro Regional Park as an opportunity for sustainable development in Campania (Italy)

The “Tevere alla Magliana” urban Park extends for one kilometre in the floodplain area on the right bank of the river, upstream of Ponte della Magliana, behind an area of recent and heavy urbanization, identified as a marginal area of Rome. Here a well-managed green space, inaugurated in 2014, that still keeps the signature of the natural environment, represents a laboratory for cultural and naturalistic exploration that can greatly benefit the wellbeing of the citizens of the district and the city. In spring 2021, Roma Tre University students attending the Course “Agenda 2030 for sustainable development for Life and Earth Sciences” developed in the Park their practical stage to study specific features of this natural environment in the urban context such as the endemic vs exotic plant distribution, the rocks from Latium used for urban decoration (statues, fountain, etc.), the river dynamics, the effectiveness of a phytodepurative system, underlying the area resources and vulnerabilities. The scientific contents were then syntethised and simplified for Natural Science dissemination with reference to some of the Goals of the Agenda 2030. The presentation will illustrate the steps and outcomes of this teaching and dissemination experience. 

The Urban Park “Tevere alla Magliana” (Rome) as a natural laboratory for the teaching and dissemination of Natural Sciences in the context of the Agenda2030 for Sustainable Development

Many studies show that grapevines develop differently, depending on their growing area. This phenomenon is shown by the different growth behaviour of the plant. Historical price developments in individual wine-growing areas have led to precisely delimited cultivation sites, down to the smallest sites, forming a pedoclimatic unit, which is identified with the term “terroir”or “climat” or simply “vineyard site”. Often a clearly defined and recognizable wine type is attributed to these units. All over the world, great importance in grape cultivation is given to the grapes’ growth habitat and intensive research of the connections between growing area and wine quality is conducted. In this context it must be considered, that the concept of “terroir” (“climat”, vineyard site) comprises all other viticultural measures which - in part of necessity - shape the cultivation of a particular location. Especially in pedoclimatically heterogeneous areas, like for example South Tyrol, it is a great challenge to recognize and evaluate the site-specific effects due to a multitude of variables. Some exemplary site studies illustrate the impact of the vineyard location on the wine quality. The significance of soil characteristics, geographical situation and microclimate conditions is demonstrated. Possible correlations between individual site characteristics and the types of sensory characteristics are presented and the vintage effect relating to the site-specific effect is defined. The site-specific effect is reflected in the wine quality, which means wines of one grape variety produced in different locations, even if they are very close, show different characteristics. Conversely, wines from different and even distant locations, may show some similarities. Generally, the vintage effect is more significant than the site effect. The climatic and geographic parameters, such as sea level, average annual temperature etc., mostly show more incisive effects than the geopedological parameters (pH-value, grain size composition, etc.). In some cases, however, the importance of these variables could be recognized as well. The greatest challenge in pedoclimatically heterogeneous areas, is the grouping of individual sites into a site unit with certain expected wine characteristics and their delimitation. 

Underline digital video library

Metabolic scaling theory: New Insights in Scaling Form, Function & Diversity

Handling uncertainty through Bayesian inference for Species Distribution Modelling in the Amazon Basin region

Phytochemical, Physicochemical and GC-MS Screening of Dyes Extracted from Tagetes Erecta and Tithonia Diversifolia

Ethnobotanical survey & Covid 19 pandemic: A case study of Fumaria in Iran

Sedimentological and biostratigraphic characterization of the Paludi Formation (Longobucco Basin, north-eastern Calabria): proto-Apenninic shortening of an Alpine foredeep?

Influences of vegetation characters on saturated hydraulic conductivity at catchment scale

Trace element availability at the interface between planetary evolution and life emergence

Unveiling the secrets of the Northern Adriatic Sea: the TRETAMARA project for their management, valorization and conservation

Temperature vs extinction events: the case of Rhaetian peritidal carbonate succession from westernmost Tethys (Sicily)

The enhancement of the geological heritage of the Taburno-Camposauro Regional Park as an opportunity for sustainable development in Campania (Italy)

The Urban Park “Tevere alla Magliana” (Rome) as a natural laboratory for the teaching and dissemination of Natural Sciences in the context of the Agenda2030 for Sustainable Development

Possible site-specific effects on wine quality based on various vineyard sites in a heterogeneous area like South Tyrol

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