The effect of boundaries and how these can be used to influence the bulk behavior in geometrically frustrated systems are both long-standing puzzles, often relegated to a secondary role. In this talk, I will investigate boundary effects in a geometrically frustrated system, namely an artificial colloidal ice, a microscale soft matter analog of a frustrated nanoscale spin ice system. The artificial colloidal ice is realized by confining interacting paramagnetic colloids to a lattice of gravitational double wells [2]. With this system, both via numerical simulations and “proof of concept” experiments, I will demonstrate that boundaries can be engineered to control the bulk behavior in a colloidal artificial ice [3]. I will also show that an antiferromagnetic frontier forces the system to rapidly reach the ground state (GS), as opposed to the commonly implemented open or periodic boundary conditions. Further, strategically placing defects at the corners may be used to generate novel bistable states, or topological strings, which result from competing GS regions in the bulk. The presented results could be generalized to other frustrated micro- and nanostructures where boundary conditions may be engineered with lithographic techniques.

Topological Boundary Constraints in Artificial Colloidal Ice

Ultra-Rapid Annealing (URA) has been demonstrated as a viable means of producing nanocrystalline soft magnetic materials with a saturation magnetic polarization comparable to that of Fe-Si steels (1.85 to 2.02 T) while also maintaining low coercivity (2.5 to 9.3 A/m)[1–3]. However, the high heating rates (&gt; 104 K/s) and short annealing times (&lt; 3 s) utilized by URA compared to conventional annealing techniques, along with the effect of latent heating during primary crystallization [4], has created new material production challenges. Specifically, the requirement for batch processing by URA places a limit on the commercial viability of this technique. In this work, a Continuous Ultra-Rapid Annealing (CURA) process has been demonstrated whereby a ribbon undergoes URA in a reel-to-reel continuous process. Annealing time (0.1 to 10 s) and tension (5-40 MPa) utilized by CURA are carefully controlled to allow for the processing of brittle nanocrystalline alloys. The microstructural and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline (Fe0.8Co0.2)86B14 produced by CURA have been characterized. Figure 1 shows DC hysteresis loops acquired from nanocrystalline (Fe0.8Co0.2)86B14 produced by the batch URA [1,2] and the newly developed CURA processes. The coercivity was reduced from 14.9 A/m to 8.8 A/m and the core loss at 1.5 T and 50 Hz was reduced from 0.62 W/kg to 0.50 W/kg by applying the CURA process. The CURA process has also been utilized to produce a nanocrystalline (Fe0.8Co0.2)86B14 toroidal core weighing 0.16 kg. This core was machined to produce a stator core for a commercially available 220 W electric motor which demonstrated a 10-25% relative improvement in efficiency over an unmodified motor with a conventional Fe-Si steel stator core [5].

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/c02f56623f189e8fb02e1aa0efeed0ac.jpg)

DC hysteresis loops acquired from nanocrystalline (Fe0.8Co0.2)86B14 produced by conventional Ultra-Rapid Annealing (URA) and the newly developed Continuous Ultra-Rapid Annealing (CURA) process.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/72718e73d3acbc83299d81db6d6ad39f.jpg)

A photo of the nanocrystalline (Fe0.8Co0.2)86B14 electric motor stator core produced by CURA after winding of the excitation coils and mounting to a commercially available 220 W motor frame.

Nanocrystalline soft magnetic materials produced by Continuous Ultra-Rapid Annealing (CURA)

Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) is a property of magnetic films which allows for high-density data storage in spintronic applications. In rare earth iron garnets, PMA typically originates from magnetoelastic anisotropy either as a result of film strain due to lattice mismatch with a single crystal garnet substrate or from thermal mismatch upon annealing1. However, PMA derived from magnetoelastic anisotropy requires specific combinations of strain state and magnetostriction coefficients, so there is interest in finding new ways to control PMA in thin films. In this study we demonstrate that PMA can also be obtained from a dominant growth-induced anisotropy (GIA) using europium thulium iron garnet (EuTmIG) as a model material. By varying the ratio of Eu to Tm, the lattice parameter of the garnet can be changed, resulting in films which are under compression or tension on a gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG) substrate, as shown in Fig. 1 with high resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD) analysis. Vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), shown in Fig. 2, indicates that PMA is present in all films regardless of strain state. We propose that PMA in the zero-strain film is attributed to GIA due to the preferential ordering of different rare earth ions on inequivalent lattice sites within the garnet2. Additionally, we quantify GIA and spin transport in the films with spin hall magnetoresistance measurements on Pt/EuTmIG hall crosses. This work shows that precise engineering of the structure of these high quality films creates new methods for control of garnet thin film properties for spintronic applications.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/4ca3d887128a3f5963a08aed3388a341.jpg)

Fig. 1. HRXRD of the (444) symmetric reflection of ~25 nm EuIG, TmIG and Eu0.7Tm2.3Fe5O12 films on (111) GGG substrates show tensile, compressive, and near zero strain states, respectivley, as shown by the relative position of the film and substrate peaks.


![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/92fab549d605d7cf75d3aa45236e89fd.jpg)

Fig 2. PMA is evident in out-of-plane VSM of all films, regardless of the magnitude of magnetoelastic anisotropy.

Growth-Induced Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy in Thin Film Rare Earth Iron Garnets

Colloidal magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) of metal oxides are increasingly important for applications such as biomedical imaging, sensing, drug delivery, and hyperthermia. These exploit the very soft magnetism found in nanoscale ferrimagnets, often ferrites, which yield a strong collective response to applied alternating (AC) magnetic fields while remaining dispersed in media. Their synthesis relies on reproducible, scalable, colloidal solution chemistry routes. Further, the size, shape, structure, and composition are tunable, serving as levers to design and manipulate the magnetic behavior of these functional MNPs. Here, we report colloidal MNPs specifically designed for remote 3D thermometry; a technique that employs MNPs to measure and image temperature remotely with high spatial resolution throughout a three-dimensional volume. This metrology is based on the temperature-dependent nature of the particles’ magnetization, their dispersibility throughout a liquid or solid of interest, and the ability of applied AC magnetic fields to penetrate through many materials. A series of shape- and size-controlled colloidal MNPs based on ferrites were synthesized via the thermal decomposition of organometallic precursors. Further, we exploited compositional doping of transition metal elements and exchange coupling between core-shell magnetic heterostructures to generate improved temperature-dependent magnetization (200-400 K at &lt;0.001 T applied AC field). Extensive structural characterization was performed to better understand the underlying factors influencing the magnetic response. Results collected from X-ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopies, and high-resolution electron microscopies revealed correlations between the nanoscale atomic structure of these particles with their magnetic performance. Finally, we used a home-built AC magnetic particle spectrometer to determine the magnetization-dependence of these nanothermometers as a function of temperature, frequency, and field amplitude. We show that designed complex metal oxide MNPs display tunable thermosensitivity and AC field signal response, which represents a potential pathway to the implementation of a practical 3D thermal imaging platform based on magnetometry.

Designing Magnetic Metal Oxide Colloidal Nanoparticles for Spatially Resolved Thermometry

Exchange spring hard-soft magnetic nanocomposites (NCs) are proposed as potential high-performance magnets [1,2]. Their relatively poor performance [3-6] compared to predicted values [7] is attributed to insufficient control over the size and distribution of the soft phase. In this work e-beam lithography was used to control the size, shape and position of soft magnetic (FeCo) nano-rods embedded in a micro-patterned hard magnetic matrix (25 nm thick FePt-L10). We report a study of samples with different nanorod widths (24 and 120 nm) and comparable volume content. Their global M(H) loops have similar Hc values, but that of the sample with wide nanorods is concave (Fig. 2a), and First Order Reversal Curve diagrams reveal that this sample has some uncoupled soft magnetic phase. Uncoupled soft phase reversal is confirmed by MFM imaging in different remanent states, where hard and soft phase switching can be distinguished owing to the different length scales of the patterns (Fig. 1). Micromagnetic modelling (MuMax3) was performed to simulate magnetization reversal and MFM contrast. Good agreement is obtained between the measured (Fig. 2a) and simulated (Fig. 2b) data. Magnetization distribution cross-sections during reversal indicate that the wide soft rods reverse independently of the hard matrix, while the narrower rods are coupled during the entire reversal process (Fig. 2c-e). Convoluting results of stray field distributions at the experimental scan height with an MFM probe modelled as a monopole, we obtained comparable images with periodic patterns with the same length scale as the nanorods (Fig. 2f-g). The use of MFM remanent imaging combined with simulations to study magnetization reversal will be discussed in the framework of a broader study of model soft in hard nanocomposites.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/97f767231afaf37c18391fe56fc92af6.jpg)

MFM images of NCs in remanent state, after applied field of 250 mT (left) and 500 mT (right), for rod widths of 24 nm (a,c) and 120 nm (b,d). Inserts - SEM plan view images of the nanorods (1 µm scale bar).

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/0304cf4965480752d8cca3cfd62a8896.jpg)

a) Experimental M(H) loops; b) Simulated demagnetization curves. c-e). Magnetization maps at the height of the rod (numbers indicate position along the demag curve). Simulated (f) and experimental (g) MFM contrast.

Magnetization reversal in nanofabricated soft-in-hard exchange-spring magnets

Permanent magnets (PMs) are indispensable in sectors as important as energy and electromobility. MnAlC is an excellent rare earth-free candidate to contribute to fill the gap existing between ferrites and NdFeB magnets, provided a successful development of its PM properties. This will be only possible by combining a high magnetization, through a maximized content of the only ferromagnetic phase in the MnAl system (τ-phase), and an enhanced coercivity, through efficient nanostructuring and phase transformation [1]. We have recently shown the importance of combining the formation of the β-Mn phase and Mn3AlC to increase coercivity -while maintaining a high remanence- in both powder and bulk MnAlC magnets produced by a simplified hot-pressing method [2]. The choice of specific additives may be a successful route to enhance magnetic properties [3]. This study shows the possibility of reaching a coercivity exceeding 2.5 kOe (200 kA/m) for 1 at.% Mo- and Cr-doped MnAlC powder and 3.3 kOe (263 kA/m) for V-doped MnAlC powder. This has been possible by combining gas-atomization and the self-developed flash-milling method (30-240 s) for efficient nanostructuring and promoting the creation of nanoprecipitates acting as pining centers [4]. A five-fold increase in coercivity has been achieved by comparison with that of the unmilled powder (see Fig. 2 for Mo-doped MnAlC). Furthermore, a proper choice of the milling time followed by an optimized annealing has allowed for combining high coercivity with an enhanced remanence (35 emu/g for a Cr-doped MnAlC sample) [4]. This approach opens a new path for engineering novel MnAlC doped nanostructures with promising PM properties. Acknowledgments. Gas-atomized powder was synthesized by Höganäs AB under the industrial project ECNanoManga between Höganäs and IMDEA Nanociencia. IMDEA acknowledges financial support by NEXUS project (PID2020-115215RB-C21) from MICINN.


![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/405da192b48636c20674a5c79f4d28da.jpg)

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/1c8762f8591e2521a169282b95770c06.jpg)


Effect of Dopants (Mo, Cr, V) on the Magnetic Properties of Mn-Al-C nanostructured by Flash-Milling

Effect of Dopants (Mo, Cr, V) on the Magnetic Properties of Mn-Al-C nanostructured by Flash-Milling

Neodymium-based magnets are used dominantly in the industry due to their exceptional magnetic properties. However, because of regulations and environmental harm on rare earth elements, it is unsustainable to use Nd-Fe-B. Fe16N2 is proposed as an alternative to rare-earth-based magnets, as it shows a giant magnetic energy product and abundance of its elements. Here we demonstrate an improvement to our previously published low-cost synthesis method to produce highly coercive Fe16N2 flakes and a consolidation method to form it into a permanent magnet. The synthesis path begins with deforming iron powder into iron flakes by surfactant-assisted ball milling. Iron flakes are heat treated under air to achieve a porous morphology to increase Fe to Fe16N2 conversion yield. Porous flakes are reduced under Ar/H2 gas flow, followed by a low-temperature nitridation process under ammonia gas. Synthesized Fe16N2 flakes exhibit saturation magnetization up to 180 emu/g and coercivity up to 1.1 kOe. (Fig .1) Rietveld analysis of the X-ray diffraction measurement of flakes shows up to 93% volumetric fraction of Fe16N2 phase. To consolidate Fe16N2 cold press method is used. Consolidated flakes do not indicate any trace of phase decomposition, hence a solid Fe16N2 magnet is produced. (Fig.2.) A cost-effective method to bulk produce Fe16N2 magnet could be sustainable for next-generation magnet applications.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/7ddd89cc469ea3d817f2c1579f38fe63.jpg)

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/32a762515db256c1caccd2c387137c01.jpg)

Fe16N2 Permanent Magnet Production by High-Pressure Consolidation

Arrays of magnetically soft nanowires and microwires have potential sensor applications [1, 2]. We have reported nanowire array manufactured by electrodeposition of permalloy into polycarbonate membranes [3]. In this paper we report permalloy nanowire and microwire arrays produced using alumina and silicon membranes with hexagonally ordered pores with constant pitch. These membranes allow to optimize the nanowire array properties such as coercivity, apparent permeability and amplification factor. Finite element modelling of nanowire arrays is demanding due to the computational complexity. In [4] we calculated apparent permeability and demagnetization factor of single wire and small wire arrays. We have also proposed simplified 2D equivalent model allowing to calculate properties of wire arrays very efficiently [5] and verified the validity of this model by full 3D simulations and also experimentally on arrays of up to 91 permalloy microwires. In this paper we apply this model to manufactured arrays of 3 mm diameter containing 100 000 to 40 million wires with diameters between 180 nm and 2.5 μm and compare simulation results to measurements by SQUID. Figs. 1 and 2 show examples of the measured hysteresis loops with red line showing the slope corresponding to apparent amplitude permeability. The values calculated by FEM using constant permeability model show significant deviations especially at low density arrays. We will show that this difference is caused by the nonlinear shielding effect: the field in the outermost wires is much stronger and thus they are saturated first. Because of that the saturation process propagates fast from the periphery towards inside array which can be shown on non-linear model.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/4818309d16f32532f9a688524ccc7d9a.jpg)

Fig. 1 Hysteresis loop of the array of 180 nm diameter 100 μm long wires with 480 nm pitch. Measured apparent amplitude permeability μa = 45, calculated incremental μai = 8.6.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/7178e6971765f6f4dd7a495b3982dd0b.jpg)

Fig. 2 Hysteresis loop of the array of 2.5 μm diameter 200 μm long wires with 4.2 μm nominal pitch. Measured apparent amplitude permeability μa = 5.5, calculated incremental μai = 3.8.

Apparent permeability of ordered magnetically soft nanowire and microwire arrays

Multi-segmented nanowire (NW) arrays are strong candidates to improve the memory storage capacity due to their lower magnetic bit area [1]. But writing/reading information on such devices is still a challenge. Recently, micromagnetic simulations revealed that the integration of a soft magnetic segment (with lower coercivity) along the racetrack could ease the writing process by using external magnetic fields [2]. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of using NiCu/FeCo magnetic NWs as in-line writing components in 3D racetrack memory devices. Using template-assisted DC electrodeposition [3-5], 4 samples of NW hexagonal arrays (50 nm-diameter, 100 nm of interwire distance) were produced: i) Ni90Cu10; ii) Fe20Co80; iii) bi-segmented NiCu/FeCo; and iv) multi-segmented NiCu/[FeCo/Au]3. Morphological, chemical and structural characterization revealed the formation of single, bi- and multi-segmented NW arrays with tuned dimensions and uniform compositions (Fig. 1). Magnetic hysteresis loops, ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurements and first-order reversal curve (FORC) diagram analysis confirmed the hard and soft magnetic properties of the FeCo and NiCu single arrays, respectively. In the interacting NiCu/FeCo bi- and multi-segmented systems, a significant reduction of the parallel coercivity occurred, while keeping the magnetization easy axis lying parallel to the NWs' axis. FORC diagrams also demonstrated a two-step reversal process in systems (Fig. 2), illustrating a FORC fingerprint typically present in soft/hard magnetic interacting bi-layered NWs [6]. Micromagnetic simulations confirmed such a two-step reversal process, revealing the presence of strong interactions at the soft/hard interface [7]. This work was supported by projects POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028676, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031302, UIDB/04968/2020, EXPL/IF/00541/2015 and contract IF/01159/2015 from Portuguese FCT and COMPETE 2020 (FEDER); grant 02.2020/0261 from the National Research Foundation of Ukraine; and project PID2020-117024GB-C42 from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacíon.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/cd280bc8126f81abd395a71d877c76eb.jpg)

Fig. 1. Scanning electron microscopy images of the electrodeposited multi-segmented NWs.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/22038b2a0a7bf508db8232151a5ff998.jpg)

Fig. 2. FORC diagram of the multi-segmented sample along the parallel direction.

Feasibility of Using NiCu/FeCo Coupled Bi-segmented Nanowires as In-line Writing Heads for 3D Racetrack Storage Devices

Sparked by the limitations of the Von-Neumann architecture, the burgeoning field of neuromorphic computation aims to develop systems that process information both ‘in-memory’ and in a brain-like manner. Neural networks comprise three types of layers – an input layer, hidden layers and an output layer each connected by numeric weights. Training such networks requires continuous updating of each weight requiring both time and energy. Reservoir computing (RC)1 is a subset of neuromorphic computation where training occurs only on the output layer, reducing time and energy cost significantly compared to traditional neural networks, while competing with traditional approaches for time-series classification / prediction task accuracy. Artificial spin networks comprising patterned nanomagnets serve as promising computational substrates for such applications, information can be stored in a single nanomagnet spin (i.e. a nanomagnetic ‘bit’) or the magnetic configuration (microstate) of the entire network. Strong dipolar coupling enables a highly non-linear history-dependent collective response to external stimuli, a key property for RC1. Artificial spin ice (ASI) is one such network where geometric frustration gives rise to a rich microstate space and emergent collective behaviour2 highly promising for RC3,4. However, in these systems individual nanomagnets are constrained to Ising-like states, severely limiting microstate richness. We have previously shown in simulation that combining Ising-like and vortex states allows powerful reconfigurable functionality5. Modifying a subset of bars6,7 in an ASI such that the Ising and vortex states are bistable gives rise to highly non-linear responses to global- and RF-fields allowing multiple reservoir readouts, detectable by the recently developed ‘spectral fingerprinting’ technique8. Here, we explore ASVI-based RC for forecasting and classifying time-series with varying complexity and assess the strengths and limitations of such systems compared against traditional ASI and competing neuromorphic hardware platforms.

Reservoir computing in an artificial spin-vortex ice

Flexibility for interface engineering, and access to all-optical switching of the magnetization, make synthetic ferrimagnets (SFiMs) an interesting candidate for advanced spintronic devices like racetrack memory [1,2]. However, the absence of compensation at room temperature (RT) in Co/Gd bilayers has hampered the efficiency with which their magnetic order can be manipulated, as the highest efficiency of spin-orbit torques and current induced domain wall motion (CIDWM) are generally achieved under compensation [3,4]. In order to combine the favourable properties of SFiMs with compensation at RT, Co/Gd/Co/Gd quadlayer structures are investigated. We present a systematic study of the conditions for magnetization compensation and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) in Co/Gd/Co/Gd quadlayers. These conditions were investigated on a sample with the middle Co and Gd films wedged orthogonally with respect to each other, as shown in Fig. 1a. By scanning the polar magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE), a magnetostatic phase diagram like in Fig. 1b can be obtained. Three regimes are distinguished: In-plane magnetization (teal), and out-of-plane (OOP) Co (red) and Gd (blue) dominated. The boundaries between these regimes provide valuable insight into the balance between shape anisotropy and PMA, and the conditions for compensation. A simple model based on partial intermixing at Co/Gd interfaces has been developed which explains the experiments well, and provides a tool to qualitatively and quantitatively understand these phase diagrams. This work provides a simple framework to experimentally characterise, and describe basic magnetostatic properties in these promising heterostructures. The compensated SFiMs investigated in this research, carry the promise of breaking the elusive 1000 m/s barrier for CIDWM, and exhibiting ultrafast exchange-driven dynamics, both relevant properties for future spintronic devices.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/97d2d2073b964b56a371f90f9d4c02dc.jpg)

Characterization of double wedge Co(0.65)/Gd(0-3)/Co(0-2)/Gd(1.5) SFiMs. a): Schematic of wedge orientations in the multilayer. b): Magnetostatic phase diagram measured with polar MOKE. Yellow dashed line indicates compensation at RT. Green lines indicate a toy model fit to the boundaries between the three regimes.

Tuning Room Temperature Compensation in Synthetic Co/Gd Ferrimagnetic Quadlayers for Advanced Spintronics Devices

Artificial spin ices (ASI) are magnetic metamaterials comprising geometrically-tiled interacting nanomagnets. Typically each nanoisland is magnetized along its long axis giving an Ising ‘macrospin’. There has been significant recent interest in these systems for functional magnonics due to their large reconfigurable dipolar field landscape. Here we present recent advances using a width modification scheme where artificial spin ice is modified by widening a subset of bars relative to the rest of the array. There are two principal benefits to the width modification. Firstly, Increasing width decreases the coercive field of the macrospins, so certain geometric tilings of the wide bars allow preparation of any ordered macrospin vertex state via simple global-field protocols1. Secondly at a certain width the macrospin spin state will be energetically equivalent with the vortex state so the wide bars can be tuned to be metastable in the macrospin and vortex states, yielding Artificial Spin-Vortex Ice (ASVI)2. The precise control of both nanoisland magnetism and vertex configuration by the width modification enables us to demonstrate the efficacy of zero-field ferromagnetic resonance measurements of the spin-wave spectrum as a fingerprint of the local dipolar field environment and vertex populations in magnetic nanostructures3. Artificial Spin-Vortex Ice allows a cross over experimentally from the classic 2-state Ising ASI to a 4-state Potts model system where the macrospins can convert into closed vortices. Unlike in a ‘clock model’ Potts system, the dipolar interactions are almost completely eliminated in the vortex state.4 The enhanced bi-texture microstate space gives rise to emergent physical memory phenomena, with ratchet-like vortex training and history-dependent nonlinear training dynamics. We observe vortex-domain formation alongside MFM tip vortex-writing. Tip-written vortices dramatically alter local reversal and memory dynamics. The precise control and the dramatic differences in local dipolar environment are very promising for reconfigurable magnonics. In the width modified macrospin ASI, we obtain shifts in ferromagnetic resonance frequency of the order of hundreds of MHz and access states with mode hybridization. ASVI yield much stronger contrast in dipolar environment such that the gap between the macrospin and the vortex peak is around 3.8 GHz.

Underline digital video library

Topological Boundary Constraints in Artificial Colloidal Ice

Nanocrystalline soft magnetic materials produced by Continuous Ultra-Rapid Annealing (CURA)

Growth-Induced Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy in Thin Film Rare Earth Iron Garnets

Designing Magnetic Metal Oxide Colloidal Nanoparticles for Spatially Resolved Thermometry

Magnetization reversal in nanofabricated soft-in-hard exchange-spring magnets

Effect of Dopants (Mo, Cr, V) on the Magnetic Properties of Mn-Al-C nanostructured by Flash-Milling

Fe16N2 Permanent Magnet Production by High-Pressure Consolidation

Apparent permeability of ordered magnetically soft nanowire and microwire arrays

Feasibility of Using NiCu/FeCo Coupled Bi-segmented Nanowires as In-line Writing Heads for 3D Racetrack Storage Devices

Reservoir computing in an artificial spin-vortex ice

Tuning Room Temperature Compensation in Synthetic Co/Gd Ferrimagnetic Quadlayers for Advanced Spintronics Devices

Reconfigurable magnetism in a bi-stable nanomagnetic array: Artificial Spin-Vortex Ice.

Stay up to date with the latest Underline news!

PRESENTATIONS

CONFERENCES

COMPANY

RESOURCES